Biology Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 3.3e.
Mean form
of the adult
Macaca fascicularis
facial skeleton (
cm
)
(Coordinates corresponding to the mean form matrix)
Landmark (number)
X
Y
Z
Nasale (1)
0.860
-1.194
0.455
Intradentale superior (2)
2.192
0.750
0.392
Premaxilla-maxillary junction (3)
1.461
0.700
-0.577
Zygomaxillare superior (4)
-0.424
-1.288
-0.648
Maxillary tuberosity (5)
-2.141
0.917
-0.279
Posterior nasal spine (6)
-1.947
0.114
0.657
Table 3.3f.
Variance-covariance
matrix,
K
*
, of the adult
Macaca fascicularis
facial skeleton (
cm
2
)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
0.0164
-0.00109
0.00028
-0.0034
-0.00747
-0.00471
2
-0.00109
0.01942
0.00775
-0.01604
-0.00442
-0.00561
3
0.00028
0.00775
0.00833
-0.00654
-0.00598
-0.00383
4
-0.0034
-0.01604
-0.00654
0.01605
0.00356
0.00637
5
-0.00747
-0.00442
-0.00598
0.00356
0.01176
0.00255
6
-0.00471
-0.00561
-0.00383
0.00637
0.00255
0.00524
Notice that variances calculated for the landmarks in the adult face
are relatively small. Some of this is scale related; variances are small-
er with respect to the distances between the landmarks in larger
specimens. In addition, the samples are defined on the basis of devel-
opmental ages, based on tooth eruption patterns. The adult sample
contains individuals who have a complete set of permanent teeth. The
sample of immature individuals on the other hand includes skulls of
individuals who had very few deciduous teeth erupted, as well as indi-
viduals who have all deciduous dentition erupted including the first
molar. The juvenile sample therefore contains individuals at various
stages during a particularly intense period of growth.
Two landmarks, intersection of the premaxilla and maxilla on the
alveolus (landmark 3) and posterior nasal spine (landmark 6), display
variances that are smaller than the variances calculated for the other
points in the adult sample (see the 3rd and 6th entries along the diag-
intersection marks the most anterior point for the canine. The posteri-
or nasal spine is the most posterior point on the hard palate, defining
the length of the hard palate. Biological constraints concerning unifor-
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