Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
PEGylated
Liposome 1990
First liposome-
based siRNA
delivery in 2001
Liposome and
drug delivery in
1960s
First targeted
delivery of
siRNA
entered clinical
trials in 2008
Controlled-
release
microchip
in 1999
Long circulating
PLGA-PEG
nanoparticle 1994
First published
dendrimer in
1978
Dendrimersome
first described
in 2010
Drug delivery
by microneedle
1998
Co-delivery of
drugs and siRNA
to treat multi-drug
resistance in 2008
First clinical study of
a targeted polymer-
drug conjugate 2002
First targeted
liposome in
1980
Polymersome
in 1999
First polymer-
drug conjugate
approved by the
FDA in 1990
First controlled
release polymer
system for
macromolecules
in 1976
“PRINT” technique
used to encapsulate
bioactive agents 2005
Doxil approved
by FDA in 1995
Figure 22.2
Examples of delivery mechanisms that serve as important milestones throughout the
history of drug delivery systems. Reprinted with permission from ref. [27] © 2010 American Chemical
Society.
Nanomedicine technology development pipeline
Near-term
impact
Years to commercialization
1-7 years
7-20 years
Now
Nanomedicine
applications in
development
Nanomedicine
clinical
investigations
Commercial
nanomedicine
products
Basic
nanoscience
research
Preclinical
animal
study
Application
development
Clinical
study
Commericial
products
Theory
Use
Figure 22.3
General steps of nanomedicine development. Reprinted with permission from ref. [30].
© 2013 Elsevier.
transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 into articular cartilage defect accelerated the
cartilage repair [34]. Transduction of plasmid containing vascular endothelial growth factor
genes was also examined [35]. In another study, transportation of nerve growth factor
through blood brain barrier was promoted by liposomal encapsulation [36].
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles based on biocompatible and biodegradable polymers have been widely
investigated as therapeutic carriers [37]. Polymers can be designed and modified physically
or chemically to enhance the efficiency of targeting. Size, shape, charge, stiffness, or
