Advancing Translational Nanotechnology to Clinical Application - Stem-Cell Nanoengineering - page 349

Table 21.1 ( Continued )

Nanomaterials Trade name Composition Usage Current status

Adagen PEG-adenosine

deaminase

Severe combined
immunodeficiency
disease associated with
ADA deficiency

FDA approved

Macugen PEG-anti-VEGF

aptamer

Macular degeneration FDA approved

Pegasys PEG- α -interferon 2a Hepatitis B and C FDA approved

Neulasta PEG-GCSF Neutropenia associated

with chemotherapy

FDA approved

Somavert PEG-HGF Acromegaly FDA approved

Oncaspar PEG-asparaginase Acute lymphoblastic

leukaemia

FDA approved

Renagel Poly(allylamine

hydrochloride)

End-stage renal disease FDA approved

Other Emend Nanocrystalline

aprepitant

Antiemetic FDA approved

Tricor Nanocrystalline

fenofibrate

Antihyperlipidemic FDA approved

Rapamune Nanocrystalline

sirolimus

Immunosuppressant FDA approved

DTPA; diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid,; HGF; hepatocyte growth factor, PEG; Polyethylene glycol,
GSCF; Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor; TNF; Tumour Necrosis Factor, VEGF; Vascular endothelial
growth factor

bandages are not suitable for application on all parts of the body and in the case of battle-
fields, their portability is limited. In contrast, precoated gelatin sponges with layers of
thrombin/tannic acid offer a highly stable and portable treatment system. In vivo animal
studies carried at on such nanobandages showed blood clotting within 60 s, a dramatic
achievement compared to the normal gelatin-dipped bandages, which take 150 s on average
to present the same effect [48]. After proving the potential of nanobandages, researchers at
MIT developed a next generation of nanobandages, which in addition to thrombin and
tannic acid contain antibiotic (acid-vancomycin) to avoid microbial infection.
Other than rapid healing and hemorrhage control, the nanobandages potentially offer
great advantages towards effective and rapid sealing of internal injuries that are too large for
primary closure [50]. Adherence of the nanobandage to the moist surface of the internal
tissue of the body, whilst maintaining its flexibility, biocompatibility, and degradability is a
prerequisite for it to serve its purpose [50]. To this end, the nanobandage surface is patterned,
an inspiration drawn from the nanoscale hills and valleys observed in gecko lizards [50, 51],
using a micropatterning technology and accommodated within a thin layer of gecko-like dry
adhesives to achieve secure attachment of the bandage to the site of the injury.
A key advantage of these nanobandages, both for instant healing and rapid sealing of
internal injuries, is that the fibers of the sponge can be coated with thrombin at the nanoscale,
therefore, increasing the amount of hemostatic agents that will be delivered to the wound,
leading to a faster and more effective healing process [50, 51].

d oxycycliNe poly ( ε - caprolactoNe ) N aNofibers Controlled-drug delivery is another
potential avenue of application of nanomaterials in humans that is becoming more preva-
lent. Nanofibers in particular have been studied to develop a system in which drugs, such