Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(A)
(C)
Lamella
Primary collagen bundle
50-500 nm
Collagen fibril
3.5 nm
Matrix (collagen, HA)
Compact bone
Central
(Haversian canal)
Osteocyte
Osteon
Collagen
molecule
1.5 nm
Lacuna
(space)
Collagen fiber
10-20 nm
Canaliculus
Secondary collagen
bundle
Blood vessel
(B)
Lamella
(D)
Joint surface
Endomysium
Epimysium
Collagen
Perimysium
Superficial zone
Skeletal muscle
Myofibril
Proliferating cells
Chondrocyte
Sarcomere
Muscle fiber
Fascicle
Hypertrophic cells
Collagen
Myosin
Actin
Actin
Subchondral
bone
Z disk
Titin filament
Myosin
Figure 17.2
Musculoskeletal tissues. Musculoskeletal tissues are nanostructures comprised of
cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM) that is mainly composed of macromolecules
of nanoscale dimensions. These tissues share a collagenous network at the nanoscale level: (A) bone,
(B) muscle, (C) tendon and (D) cartilage.
Table 17.1
Potential application of stem cells in the regeneration of musculoskeletal tissue
Application
ESCs
iPSCs
MSCs
Bone, cartilage,
muscle and tendon
differentiation potential
Yes [29-32]
Yes [32-35]
Yes [36, 37]
Plasticity
Pluripotent
Pluripotent
Multipotent
Possibility of teratoma
formation
Ye s
Ye s
No
Ethical issues
Ye s
No
No
Immunomodulatory property
No
No
Ye s
Therapeutic application
Ye s
Phase I and II clinical trials
for macular regeneration
[26, 38]
No
Ye s
Phase III clinical trial [26]
