Biomedical Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 1.4
Expression of profile surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [13, 132, 133]
Marker type
Markers expressed in MSCs
Markers not expressed in MSCs
Specific antigen
SH2, SH3, SH4, Stro-1, ACTA1
CD133
Hematopoietic markers
CD4, CD14, CD34, CD45, CD117
Cytokines and growth factors
IL-1
α
, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, and 15
LIF, SCF, GM-CSF, G-CSF
Cytokines and growth factor
receptors
IL1R, IL3R, IL4R, IL6R, IL7R,
LIFR, SCFR, G-CSFR, IFN
γ
R,
TNFR1,TNFR2, bFGFR, PDGFR,
EGFR
IL-2R (CD25)
Adhesion molecules
Integrins
α
1 (CD49a),
α
2 (CD49b),
α
3 (CD49c), a
α
(CD49e),
β
1 (CD29)
β
3 (CD61),
β
4 (CD104)
α
4 (CD49d),
α
L (CD11a)
C
β
2 (CD18)
Extracellular matrix molecules and
receptors
ICAM-1 (CD54), ICAM-2 (CD102)
VCAM-1
CD 106, ALCAM-1 (CD166),
LFA3 (CD58),
L-Selectin (CD62L),
Endoglin (CD105),
Hylaronate (CD44), CK18, CK19
ICAM-3 (CD50), E-Selectin
(CD62E), P-Selection (CD62P),
PECAM-1 (CD31), VWF,
Cadherin5
Others
CD9, CD13, Thy-1 (CD90),
HLA-ABC
(MHC I) (Low)
HLLA-DR (MHC II)
do not express hematopoietic markers, such as CD45, CD34, CD14 or CD11 [69, 70]. In
Table 1.4, different surface markers of mesenchymal stem cells are presented.
Immunosuppressive Properties of MSCs
In 2006, it was reported that MSCs possess immunomodulatory properties [71, 72]. Based on
these findings, it was speculated that MSCs may play a significant role in the maintenance of
peripheral tolerance, transplantation tolerance, tumor evasion, and fetal maternal tolerance
[73]. Various studies on human, baboon, and murine MSCs have confirmed the immunosup-
pressive characteristics of MSCs and have illustrated that these cells are able to suppress the
activation and
in vitro
proliferation of T lymphocytes [74, 75]. In line with these findings,
multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells have been intensively studied in regenerative medicine.
Besides their effects on T cells, their immunosuppressive effects are attributed to the secretion
of a soluble factor by MSCs.
Mesenchymal stem cells have paracrine effects, such as immunomodulation, which occurs
through the secretion of soluble mediators, like nitric oxide, cytokines (e.g. interleukin-6),
transforming growth factor-β
,
human leukocyte antigen G5, and prostaglandin E
2
[76, 77].
Moreover, MSCs from the bone marrow are in close contact with T and B cells and are able
to regulate the immunological memory by setting various survival niches for plasma cells
and memory T cells of the bone marrow. In addition, it has been demonstrated that MSCs
modulate the function of B cells by inhibiting their proliferation [73]. Furthermore, there
is some evidence that adult MSCs suppress the differentiation and functions of dendritic
cells (DC) [78].
Since the immunosuppressive characteristics of BMSCs have been reported
in vitro
and
in vivo
, clinical trials on allogeneic transplantation through the reduction of the
