Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
to obtain particle sizes easily trapped by traditional filtration methods or to induce spontaneous precipitation. But then, they
may be incorporated into activated sludge, creating another type of problem—affecting microorganisms present there. Their
size may also increase due to interactions with organic matter dispersed in solution (humic and fulvic acids, carbonaceous
materials, among others). Core-shell nanoparticles involving a ferromagnetic layer is another attractive option as the latter may
be used to remove nanoparticles by simply applying a strong external magnetic field. functionalization of their surfaces to
maintain their solubility, increase their stability against aggregation, decrease their chemical reactivity at a wide range of pH
values, or avoid interactions with chemical substances present at solution is also key for their eventual consideration in wastewater
treatment procedures. Biological interactions with other organisms (not only microbes, but also other phyla such as invertebrates,
vertebrates, and plants) may prove to be another challenge, as the nanoparticles may biodegrade, suffering biologically induced
chemical and physical transformations, which affects their stability and chemical reactivity, or even changes their biological
activity from nontoxic to highly toxic or vice versa.
All these problems make the field more attractive for further research in order to overcome the difficulties and better exploit
the unique properties of nanomaterials for wastewater treatment.
refereNces
[1] Comisión Nacional del Agua (CNA). 2011 Water statistics in Mexico. Available at.
http://www.conagua.gob.mx/ocb/ConsultaTemasInteres.
aspx?n0=f16ed22d-197b-4b43-bc12-4af596c47ba9
(Accessed March 15, 2013).
[2] Castillo-Ledezma JH, sánchez-salas JL, López-Malo A, Bandala ER. Effect of pH, solar irradiation and semiconductor concentration
on the photocatalytic disinfection of
Escherichia coli
in water using Nitrogen-doped TiO
2
. Eur. food Res. Tech. 2011;233:825-834.
[3] shannon MA, Bohn PW, Elimelech M, Georgiadis JG, Mariñas BJ, Mayes AM. science and technology for water purification in the
coming decades. Nature 2008;452:302-310.
[4] Montgomery MA, Elimelech M. Water and sanitation in developing countries: Including health in the equation. Environ. sci. Technol.
2007;41:17-24.
[5] Gelover s, Gomezo L, Reyes K, Leal T. A practical demonstration of water disinfection using TiO
2
films and sunlight. Water Res.
2006;40:3274-3280.
[6] UN. 2012. The millennium development goals report, Available at
http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/publications/mdg-
report-2012.html
(Accessed March 11, 2013).
[7] Bandala, E.R. Castillo-Ledezma, J. Gonzalez, L. sanchez-salas, J.L. solar driven advanced oxidation processes for inactivation of path-
ogenic microorganisms in water. In
Recent Research Development in Photochemistry and Photobiology.
Volume 8, India: Transworld
Research Networks: 2011. p. 1-16.
[8] Riahi K, Ben Mamou A, Ben Thayer B. Date-palms fiber media filters as a potential technology for tertiary domestic wastewater
treatment. J. Hazard. Mat. 2009;161:608-613.
[9] sichel C, Tello J, Cara M, fernandez-Ibañez P. Effect of UV solar intensity and dose on the photocatalytic disinfection of bacteria and
fungi. Catal. Today 2007;129:152-160.
[10] Orta MT, Martinez J, Monje I, Rojas MN. Destruction of helminto (
Ascaris suum
) eggs by ozone. Ozone-sci. Eng. 2004;26:359-366.
[11] Alouini Z, Jemli M. Destruction of helminth eggs by photosensitized porphyrin. J. Environ. Monitor. 2004;3:548-551.
[12] Bandala ER, Corona-Vasquez B, Guisar R, Uscanga M. Inactivation of highly resistant microorganisms in water using solar driven
phoocatalytic processes. Int. J. Chem. React. Eng. 2009;7:A7.
[13] Guisar R, Herrera MI, Bandala ER, García J, Corona-Vasquez B. Inactivation of waterborne pathogens using solar photocatalysis.
J. Adv. Oxid. Technol. 2007;10:453-438.
[14] McGuigan KG, Conroy RM, Mosler H, Du Preez M, Ubomba-Jaswa E, fernandez-Ibañez P. solar water disinfection (sODIs): A review
from bench-top to roof-top. J. Hazard Mater 2012;235/236:29-46.
[15] Kish H. What is photocatalysis? In: serpone N, Pelizzetti E, editors.
Photocatalysis Fundamentals and Applications
. New York: John
Wiley and sons; 1989.
[16] Malato s.
Solar Photocatalytic Decomposition of Pentachlorophenol Dissolved in Water
. Madrid, spain: Editorial CIEMAT; 1999.
[17] Blanco J, fernandez P, Malato s. solar photocatalytic detoxification and disinfection of water: Recent overview. J solar Energy Eng
Trans AsME, 2007;129:4-15.
[18] Bandala ER, Estrada C. Comparison of solar collection geometries for application to photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants.
J. sol. Energ.-T. AsME 2007;129:22-26.
[19] Romero M, Blanco J, sánchez B, Vidal A, Malato s, Cardona AI, Garcia E. solar photocatalytic degradation of water and air pollutants:
challenges and perspectives. sol. Energy 1999;66:169-182.
