Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
25.1.2
experimental methods
Nano-sized birnessite was prepared by a simple method:
Solution 1: CaCl
2
.4H
2
O (4.0 mmol, 732.2 mg) and Mn(CH
3
COO)
2
.4H
2
O (5.6 mmol, 1372 mg) were dissolved in water
(5 ml). The mixture was stirred for about 10 min at room temperature.
Solution 2: KOH was added to a solution of KMnO
4
(2.4 mmol, 379 mg) in 60 ml water to obtain a hot saturated KOH
solution.
addition of solution 1 to solution 2 under vigorous stirring resulted in a dark precipitate. Then the mixture was allowed to cool
with continued stirring for 2 h.
The obtained suspension was filtered and washed using distilled water (3 l) before being allowed to dry for 12 h at 60°C in
an oven. Then the solid was heated to 400°C for 10 h in air to obtain a black powder. The yield was >%95.
extraction of ions by water: Nano-sized birnessite (10 mg) was added to water (20 ml). after 24 h, the filtration solution was
diluted to 25 ml and analyzed by aaS to calculate the amount of calcium and manganese extracted by water.
extraction of ions by BSa: Nano-sized birnessite (10 mg) was added to a BSa solution (0.5 g BSa in 20 ml water). after 1
month, the filtration solution was diluted to 25 ml and analyzed by aaS to calculate the amount of calcium and manganese
extracted by BSa (the first reaction of proteins and nanominerals). The solid was studied by SeM and TeM to observe the
morphology of birnessite after reaction by BSa (the second reaction of proteins and nanominerals).
To study the third reaction of nano-sized birnessite and BSa, manganese (II) chloride (161 mg, 1.24 mmol) was added to a
solution of BSa (1 g) in water (80 ml) and the solution was stirred for 4 h. Then KMnO
4
(88 mg in 16 ml water) was added to
the solution under constant stirring. The solution was studied by SeM and TeM to observe the morphology of manganese
oxide.
aCknowleDgment
The author is grateful to the Institute for advanced Studies in Basic Sciences for providing financial support.
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