Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
intensive field studies are available. Houston has active emissions management pro-
grams to address its poor air quality and associated health effects. The NUDAPT
prototype includes:
(1) primary data sets such as (a) 3D building and geo-morphological data, roads
and their linkages; (b) activity data including census data, traffic, and industrial
outputs; (c) land surface characteristics data;
(2) derived daughter products including model specific urban canopy parameters
(UCPs), diurnal population data (which accounts for human activities and there-
fore changing location), anthropogenic energy inputs and traffic emissions; and
(3) examples of model outputs and analyses to demonstrate a range of applications
possible.
1.3 Features of Nudapt
1.3.1 Morphology Databases and Urban Canopy
Parameters (UCP)
An important feature of NUDAPT is the provision to incorporate urban structure
data and derived urban parameters. For example, the urbanized version of MM5
(Ching et al., 2004) makes use of UCPs introduced to building and vegetation influ-
ences on the drag, the partitioning of the surface energy budget components, and
the generation of turbulence of the flow in the surface boundary layer. The set of
UCPs in Table 1.1 (eight of which vary with height) used in the Dupont's modelling
system (Dupont et al., 2004) are calculated for each grid in the modelling domain
(Burian et al., 2004).
Geospatial databases, similar to that used in Houston, consisting of detailed
building and other urban morphological structures imagery information (resolution:
order 1 m) are being acquired for 133 USA urban centres. This is in response to
Table 1.1 Gridded UCPs from lidar-derived building and vegetation data for urbanized MM5
model
Canopy UCPs
Building UCPs
Vegetation, other UCPs
Mean canopy height
Canopy plan area density
Mean building height
Standard deviation of building
height
Building height histograms
Building wall-to-plan area ratio
Building height-to-width ratio
Building plan area density
Building rooftop area density
Mean vegetation height
Vegetation plan area density
Canopy top area density
Canopy frontal area density
Roughness length
Displacement height
Sky view factor
Vegetation top area density
Vegetation frontal area density
Mean orientation of streets
Plan area fraction surface covers
Percent directly connected
impervious area
Building material fraction
Building frontal area density
 
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