Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 17.2.3
Concentrating systems which use Puntual Reflectors (PR), Parabolic Trough Reflectors
(PTR), Linear Fresnel Reflectors (LFR) as a primary concentrator. (Chemisana, 2011)
PR/PTR/
Cell
Company or reference
Actual status of the system
LFR
C
1
Type
Menova Energy (Menova, 2008)
Commercially available
PR
1450
3J
2
SVVTechnology Innovations (RAC)
Commercially available
PR
2500X
3J
(Vasylyev S. andVasylyevV. 2002;
(only concentrator provided)
2003)
Solfocus (Gordon and Feuermann,
Commercially available
PR
500X
3J
2005;Winston and Gordon, 2005;
Mcdonald and Barnes, 2008)
Aronstis Solar (Bernardo, 2008)
Commercially available
PTC
10X
c-Si
3
Euclides system (Luque, 1997;
Demonstration and test
PTC
37X
c-Si
Anton and Sala, 2007)
installations
CHAPS system (Coventry, 2005)
Demonstration and test
PTC
38.2X
c-SI
installations
BiFres system (Rosell, 2005)
Demonstration and test
LFR
11X
c-Si
installations
HelioDynamics (Vasylyev, 2004)
Commercially available
LFR
10X
p-Si
4
(currently only thermal
module)
Trigen Solar
Demonstration and test
LFR
20X
c-Si
installations
SVVTechnology Innovations (RAC)
Commercially available
LFR
40X
c-Si
(Vasylyev andVasylyev, 2002; 2003)
(only concentrator provided)
Chemisana and Rosell
Demonstration and test
LFR
18X
c-Si
(Chemisana and Rosell, 2009)
installations
1
C: Geometric concentration ratio.
2
3J: triple-junction solar cell.
3
c-Si: crystalline silicon solar cell.
4
p-Si: polycrystalline silicon solar cell.
cells may overheat to temperatures above 80
◦
C. Operation is considerably improved
through use of a thermal dissipator (Solanki et al., 2008). By taking advantage of the
extracted heat, such a system can be converted into a PVT generator.
In this range of concentrations, as in medium concentration devices, there are
parabolic trough systems. An example is the PVT concentrating system (Bernardo et al.,
2011) commercialized by companies Arontis Solar and Absolicon Solar, which concen-
trates with a ratio of 7.6X onto a Photovoltaic/Thermal (PVT) receiver. Figure 17.2.11
shows an experimental installation and a schematic where the module triangular cross
section, which is actively refrigerated using a fluid, is illustrated.
Compound Parabolic Concentrators (CPC) form a category of reflectors largely
used for static systems. When used to illuminate PV cells, high losses are suffered due to
the non-uniform illumination pattern produced on the cell surface. V-trough systems
are less prone to producing detrimental hot-spots than are CPC systems (Swanson,
2003). Many works can be mentioned within this category (Almonacid et al., 1987;
Goetzberger, 1988; Zanesco and Lorenzo, 2002; Mohedano et al., 1998; Uematsu
et al., 1998; Garg and Adhikari, 1999; Brogren et al., 2000; Brogren and Karlsson,
2002; Helgesson, 2004; Nilsson, 2005; Mallick et al., 2004). With the objective of
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