Building integrated concentrating solar systems - Solar Energy Sciences and Engineering Applications - page 551

Figure 17.1.3 Development methodology for new systems building integration (Munari Probst and
Roecker, 2012).
integration (Reijenga, 2003): (ii) Applied invisibly; (ii) Added to the design; (iii) Adding
to the architectural image; (iv) Determining architectural image; and (v) Leading to
new architectural concepts.
Several available urban-scale BIPV products and projects, along with details about
their applications and characteristics, can be found at: http://www.pvdatabase.org/
products_viewall.php, from IEA PVPS Task 10. Some representative examples of BIPV
are included in the following (Figure 17.1.4).
From the pictures shown in Figure 17.1.4, the different grades of building inte-
gration can be distinguished, according to the criteria defined by IEA PVPS task 7
(see Table 17.1.2) and by Reijenga (2003). In the case of the first photograph (Fig-
ure 17.1.4a), the PV modules are placed on the flat roof in such a manner that they
cannot be seen from the street. This example reflects the lowest grade of building inte-
gration, where the PV modules are applied to the building without replacement of any
building material and without any extra functionality other than to produce electricity
(BAPV). However, in Figure 17.1.4b the photovoltaic modules can be observed to be
part of the façade and to participate directly in the architectural design. The modules
are working as a building element at the same time than as an energy source. The PVs
are manufactured using transparent encapsulation in order to allow partial illumina-
tion in the interior space. In Figure 17.1.4c, the inclined roof PV system can be seen