Putting Knowledge to Use - Evolving Global Information Infrastructure and Information Transfer - page 121

ization. Also, both individual and social variables influence utilization—the same
factors that influence diffusion, as described in Chapter 6. Following are models
that provide guidance for utilizing new knowledge in an organization.
Social and Environmental Issues That Influence Utilization
Researchers from a number of disciplines have proposed a variety of know-
ledge utilization models that explore the complex social and environmental issues
surrounding knowledge utilization. Here we focus on the work of Carol H. Weiss.
The knowledge-driven model of Weiss (1977, 13) states that basic research dis-
closes some opportunities that may have relevance for public policy. Applied re-
search is conducted in order to define and test findings of basic research for prac-
tical action; if all goes well, appropriate technologies are developed to implement
the findings, whereupon utilization occurs.
This model suggests a relatively simple, linear, orderly sequence of processes,
not an interactive one. Weiss argues that this model approximates physical scien-
ce more than the social sciences, but we question the linearity and approximation
to the physical sciences. Our view is that models applied to the social sciences
may appear to be linear, but the variables imposed by the environmental context
result in nonlinearity.
However, Weiss's model is useful in library and information science applica-
tions. This problem-solving model refers to the direct use of social research for
policy decision-making (Weiss 1977, 11-12). Research is instrumental in solv-
ing social or political problems. A problem exists, information is lacking, research
provides missing knowledge, and a solution is reached.
This model is based on the assumption that policy-making is a rational process,
and the model ends with policy choice. It does not concern itself with issues such
as relevance, choice, adoption, implementation, and many other factors necessary
for successful utilization.
In the “enlightenment model,” Weiss (1979) acknowledges the general and
broad impact of knowledge on the policy-making process. She notes that research
rarely provides a solution to solve a specific policy problem. Instead, research
background data, empirical generalizations, and ideas are supplied to shape
policy-makers' thinking. Research results shape their conceptualization of a prob-
lem's solution. The “enlightenment” is not ideal, since research results come to the
attention of policy-makers conceptually and not necessarily at a time of need. The
process can result in “endarkenment as well as enlightenment” (Weiss 1979, 430).
The Weiss (1977) “social interaction model” views society as a network of roles
and channels of communication, both forming barriers and overlapping connec-