Image Processing Reference
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self-organizing systems based on iterative processes [10, 28]. In particular, Philip
Galanter defines a clear distinction between rule-based art and generative art. Rule-
based art may not have the “sufficient specificity or autonomy to allow the artist
to give up control to the rules, and allow [the rules] to take over and produce the
art” [28]. That is, he writes, “the key element in generative art is then the system to
which the artist cedes partial or total subsequent control” [27].
Fig. 13.2
Example output using a custom color palette with high-contrast image processing
variables
Various artists and researchers have extended the type and number of elements in
CA systems beyond the basic 2D, binary system introduced by Conway. For exam-
ple, Ritesh Lala's artwork,
Morphon
, uses a 3D CA system to create pleasing visual
effects [40]. An implementation developed by Stephan Rafler called “SmoothLife”
implements “circularly shaped integrals” in order to situate CA in the continuous
domain [46]. Other modifications use non-uniform grids or multiple colors in order
to achieve particular effects, such as cyclical behaviors [38]. Paul Brown uses CA
systems to develop his “kinetic paintings” [1], and numerous recent contemporary
works use or represent generative systems as a primary component. For instance,
Casey Reas has created a series of generative works collected in his “Process Com-
pendium Catalog” [47] and described in his “Process Lecture” [48]. George Legrady
has produced works that represent generative processes, such as
Kinetic Flow
[41],
and one installation,
Blink
, demonstrates “the process of self-organization in a vast
matrix of eyes that open and close according to their neighbors' behaviors” [44].
Philip Galanter has also produced generative artworks, including his lightbox draw-
ings and interactive sculptures [29, 30].
Interactive simulations of CA have been available as software since the 1970s,
and some artworks using CA methods also incorporate direct interaction. In most
cases, the interaction is straightforward, allowing a user with a mouse to change
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