Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
buildings (no elevator); work (no light, computers, copiers, faxes) ;cook (no
microwave, refrigerators, appliances, solid state ignition); get entertainment
(no TV, radio, VCR). Almost all modern activities depend on electricity
The high voltage system is highly vulnerable: central generation creates
high value targets, long vulnerable transmission lines, unique high voltage
transformers, vulnerable substations
The electricity system currently experiences many disruptions due to
natural hazards and human error. Large, costly blackouts occur
frequently.
•
It is highly vulnerable to human attack. A worst case scenario would
be highly destructive.
•
Many investments would simultaneously improve reliability & reduce
vulnerability or the amount of damage from terrorist attack
•
Evaluating the reliability and security benefits together would justify
many new investments
System is disrupted frequently by natural hazards, human error, and
human attack. Worst Cases Scenarios
:
:Ice Storm: Quebec and NY in 1998,
Hurricanes: Florida in 2004, Earthquake: Bay area, California in 1989,
Reactive power: NE in 2003, Hurricane Ivan: Almost occurred in 2004. Since
these happened recently, a 500 year worst case would be much, much worse.
[4]
3.4.2. Sustainability of High Voltage Transmission System
Sustainability is the word which is used to create the special meaning for
the interaction of the different entities in our world. In its definition
sustainability was attributed to the interaction of system with its surrounding,
including, social, cultural, environmental, economic and other aspects. More
than that, the sustainability has become a quality measure of the system in the
assessment and evaluation of the respective system. It has been noticed that
the sustainability comprise complexity definition for the complex system. In
its definition the complex system is introduced as the nonlinear interaction of
large number of elements functionally defined. Since, we can imagine a
number of examples of complex systems in our life, it is of interest to verify
some of them which are typical for the energy system. Complexity of the
