Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
[2]
Photovoltaic area module design for solar electricity generation system,
United state Patent 6717045,
http://freepatentsinline.com/
[3]
Photovoltaic Cell Testing, http/solarlight.com/solarcell/
[4]
Wp capacity
[5]
Photovoltaic Output
[6]
DC/AC conversion
[7]
N. Afgan, D. Cvitanovic, Wind Power Plant Resilience, Energies (
accepted for publication Thermal Science Journal,2010 )
[8]
L.Briguglic, Economic Vulnerability and Resilience of Small States,
Malta, Islands and Small State Institute and London, Commonwealth
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[9]
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[10]
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be published) 2009
3.4.
R
ESILIENCE OF
H
IGH
V
OLTAGE
T
RANSMISSION
S
YSTEM
3.4.1. Introduction
Energy losses represents nowadays between 2% and 4% (depending of
local climatic conditions) of total energy electric power transmission. In
Europe, this figure is expected to grow as a result of the expected economic
development of Southern and new EU states). For the case of the high voltage
transmission sector, the energy losses depend on the temperature of the
environment range. The high voltage system is highly vulnerable: central
generation creates high value targets, long vulnerable transmission lines,
unique high voltage transformers, vulnerable substations.[1]
The electricity system currently experiences many disruptions due to
natural hazards and human error. Large, costly blackouts occur frequently.
•
It is highly vulnerable to human attack. A worst case scenario would
be highly destructive.
