Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
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Irrigation: Provide water of a satisfactory quality to meet the allocated demand at speciied
times in all parts of the system.
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Estimate the demand and supply based on historical data and expected trends.
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Locate water sources as close to the demand as possible.
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Design surface storage, if any, to retain wet season lows to bridge dry periods; keep
reservoirs as full as possible.
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Design a distribution system to supply time-varying allocations on time.
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Manage runoff quantity and quality.
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Flood and storm damage reduction (“lood control”): Prevent loss of life and minimize
property damage for events up to and including the design lood/storm.
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Identify the design event(s) by statistical analyses, usually some rare event such as the
maximum probable storm (MPS).
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Map the affected areas.
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Design damage reduction features to maximize beneits (prevent losses).
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Source management.
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Storage structures/reservoirs.
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Levees/loodwalls.
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Diversions and channel modiications.
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Floodplain and emergency management.
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Keep storage reservoirs as empty as possible to absorb lood lows.
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Navigation: Provide waterways that enable safe navigation for the design vessel, depth or
trafic load.
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Identify design vessel(s) and trafic loads from historical data and expected trends.
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Analyze waterway lows and depths in light of navigation needs.
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Design the required facilities to provide safe throughput for design vessels and trafic
under given waterway conditions.
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Channels, anchorages, and turning basins.
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Structures (locks, dams, and training structures).
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Ports.
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Design reservoirs, if any, to retain water in wet seasons and release in dry seasons to
maintain channel depth. Design run-of-river dams to maintain the required water level.
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Hydropower: Provide design levels of power on an allocated time schedule.
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Identify base and peak demands from historical data and expected trends.
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Design dams to provide needed head and storage capacity for effective power
generation.
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Design pumpback systems, if used, to increase the peak generation capacity.
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Design dams to retain lows until needed for power generation (keep them full).
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Recreation: Provide water levels and lows that enable safe and desirable recreational use
of the waterbody.
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Identify expected recreational uses from historical data and expected population
trends.
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Design structures and watercourses that will support intended recreational uses;
examples:
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Lakes and rivers for ishing, boating, and skiing.
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Rivers for white-water rafting.
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Design for the predictability of water levels and lows—mimicking natural cycles for
ishing or nearly constant cycles for other recreational uses.
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Environmental quality: Ensure a water supply of suficient quantity and quality to meet
the designated uses.
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Identify designated uses, threatened and endangered (T&E) species, essential ish hab-
itats (EFHs), and impairments (EPA 303D list), if any.
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