Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Sustainable
social
well-being
Ultimate goal
Recreational
opportunity
Primary goals
Ice boat
races
Fishing
success
Boating
access
Subgoals (level 3)
Accept a rough
fish population
Restock game fish
after winterkill
Improve winter
oxygen
Sub-subgoals (level 4)
Increase water volume
Aerate the lake
Reduce decaying vegetation
(Level 5)
Release
water from
upstream
reservoir
Reduce
vegetation
growth
Harvest
excess
vegetation
Manipulate
water level
(Level 6)
Deepen lake by dredging
Drawdown
Herbicide
(Level 7)
Manage the watershed
Reduce
construction
site erosion
Reduce
lawn
fertilization
Reduce
failing
septics
Reduce
ag pollution
(Level 8)
FIGURE 17.1 Means-end hierarchy for a recreational lake suffering winterkill. (From Holdren, C., Jones,
W., and Taggart, J., Managing Lakes and Reservoirs , North American Lake Management Society and Terrene
Institute, in cooperation with the Ofice of Water Assessment and Watershed Protection, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Madison, WI, 2001.)
FIGURE 17.2
Aquatic herbicide treatment. (Courtesy of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.)
17.2 CLEAN WATER ACT
In other chapters, the role of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act, now known as the
Clean Water Act (CWA), was introduced. This act established water quality as a national priority. A
speciic objective of the CWA was to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological
integrity of the nation's waters,” which, of course, include lakes and reservoirs.
The CWA also included a number of sections and provisions targeted at lakes. Under Section
314, the Clean Lakes program was established to fund and provide technical assistance to states for
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