Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 11.2
Comparison of Lakes and Reservoirs
Natural Lakes
(
N
=
309)
CE Reservoirs
(
N
=
107)
Probability Means
Are Equal
Characteristics
Drainage area (km
2
)
222
3228
<0.0001
Surface area (km
2
)
5.6
34.5
<0.0001
Drainage/surface area (DA/SA)
33
93
<0.0001
Mean depth (m)
4.5
6.9
<0.0001
Maximum depth (m)
10.7
19.8
<0.0001
Shoreline development ratio
2.9 (
N
= 34)
a
9.0 (
N
= 179)
b
<0.001
Areal water load (m yr
-1
)
6.5
19
<0.0001
Mean hydraulic residence time (year)
0.74
0.37
<0.0001
Source:
Taken from Thornton, K.W.,
Lake and Reservoir Management
, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington,
DC, 1984; (a) Hutchinson, G.E.,
A Treatise on Limnology,
Volume 1, Geography, Physics and Chemistry, Wiley,
New York, 1957; (b) Leidy, G.R. and Jenkins, R.M., The development of ishery compartments and population rate
coeficients for use in reservoir ecosystem modeling, prepared for Ofice, Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,
Washington, DC, 1977.
•
They have a watershed area/drainage area ratio of at least 10:1, meaning that their water-
sheds exert a strong inluence on the lake.
•
The lake watershed must contain at least 5% impervious cover as an overall index of
development.
•
Whether natural or man-made, the lake must be managed for recreation, water supply,
lood control, or some other direct human use.
•
Several types of lakes with a unique hydrology or nutrient cycling are excluded, such as
solution lakes that are strongly inluenced by groundwater, the rare nitrogen-limited lakes,
saline lakes, and playa lakes.
Schueler and Simpson (2002) suggested that because urban lakes are suficiently different, and
the impact of watershed development on lake quality so pervasive, these lakes should be treated as a
separate group from other lakes. For example, urban lakes receive higher phosphorus loads, result-
ing in higher rates of algal growth bringing about cultural eutrophication or extreme eutrophication
(hypereutrophication). As an example, Schueler and Simpson (2002, cited in USEPA 1986) reported
that about half of all U.S. lakes are eutrophic or hypereutrophic. In contrast, in a survey of 3700
urban lakes evaluated by the U.S. EPA (USEPA 1980), the percentage of eutrophic or hypereutro-
phic lakes exceeded 80%.
REFERENCES
Bonvechio, T.F. 2003. Relations between hydrological variables and year-class strength of sportish in eight
Florida waterbodies. MS thesis, University of Florida.
Camacho, R.A. and J.L. Martin. 2013. Hydrodynamic modeling of irst order transport time scales in the St.
Louis Bay estuary, Mississippi.
ASCE Journal of Environmental Engineering
139 (3), 317-331.
Coastal Engineering Research Center (CERC). 1984. Shore protection manual. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Washington, DC.
Florida LakeWatch. 2001. A beginner's guide to water management—Lake morphometry, Information Circular
104. Florida LakeWatch, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.
Hutchinson, G.E. 1957.
A Treatise on Limnology.
Volume 1. Geography, Physics and Chemistry. Wiley, New
York.
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