Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Of the POM entering streams and rivers, about one-quarter is stored in the bank or channel, one-
quarter is metabolized, and one-half is exported downstream (WOW 2004). In mid-order streams,
shading and the contribution of coarse organic matter decrease and primary productivity is greater,
due to periphyton (a greater percentage of the autotrophs are composed of periphyton). The export of
processed coarse organic materials provides an input of ine particulate organic materials (FPOMs).
In higher-order streams, macrophytes and phytoplankton become dominant and the majority of the
carbon production is autochthonous, as described by the RCC (Figure 6.2).
POM varies seasonally in streams and rivers. For example, POM is typically highest during
low lows during the summer months and lowest during high-low conditions. The contribution of
allocthonous POM also varies with processes in the watershed, such as seasonal growth cycles, and
with lows. For example, the lood pulse theory of Junk et al. (1989) describes the process of mate-
rial exchange between a loodplain and a river during loods, impacting the productivity of both.
POM is both a measure and a source of stream and river productivity. It impacts, and is impacted
by, stream biota. POM and the RCC emphasize that the management, or restoration, of rivers and
streams cannot be accomplished by attempting to manage the biotic population alone. While the
biotic population, vertebrate and invertebrate, can provide an indication of aquatic health, that health
depends on the cumulative impact of all processes, physical, chemical, and biological, impacting
the stream or river.
REFERENCES
Alexander, J.E., J.H. Thorp, and J.C. Smith. 1997. Biology and Potential Impacts of Zebra Mussels in Large
Rivers . AWWA Research Foundation and American Water Works Association, Denver, CO.
Allan, J.D. and M.M. Castillo. 2007. Stream Ecology , 2nd ed. Springer, New York.
Barbour, M.T., J. Gerritsen, B.D. Snyder, and J.B. Stribling. 1999. Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in
Streams and Wadeable Rivers: Periphyton, Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Fish , 2nd ed., EPA 841-B-
99-002. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ofice of Water, Washington, DC.
Barnhart, C. and D. Neves. 2005. Overview of North American freshwater mussels. USEPA Mussel Toxicity
Testing Workshop, Chicago, IL.
Barry, J., F. Biggs, and C. Kilroy. 1994. Stream periphyton monitoring manual. Prepared for The New Zealand
Ministry for the Environment by NIWA, Christchurch NIWA, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Benson, A.J. 2011. Zebra mussel sightings distribution. http://nas.er.usgs.gov/taxgroup/mollusks/zebramussel/
zebramusseldistribution.aspx.
Chapra, S.C., G.J. Pelletier, and H. Tao. 2007. QUAL2K: A Modeling Framework for Simulating River and
Stream Water Quality , Version 2.07: Documentation and Users Manual. Civil and Environmental
Engineering Department, Tufts University, Medford, MA.
Clifford, H. 1991. Aquatic Invertebrates of Alberta , p. 638. University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Alberta,
Canada.
Cushing, C.E. and J.D. Allan. 2001. Streams: Their Ecology and Life . Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
FISRWG. 1998. Stream Corridor Restoration: Principles, Processes, and Practices , Federal Interagency
Stream Restoration Working Group.
Flinders, C.A. and D.D. Hart. 2009. Effects of pulsed lows on nuisance periphyton growths in rivers: A meso-
cosm study. River Research and Applications 25 (10), 1320-1330.
Frissell, C.A., W.J. Liss, C.E. Warren, and M.D. Hurley. 1986. A hierarchical framework for stream habitat
classiication: Viewing streams in a watershed context. Environmental Management 10 (2), 199-214.
Georgia EPD. 2007. Macroinvertebrate biological assessment of wadeable streams in Georgia, standard oper-
ating procedures, Version 1.0. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Environmental Protection
Division, Watershed Protection Branch.
Grabarkiewicz, J.D. and S.W. Davis. 2008. An introduction to freshwater mussels as biological indicators,
including accounts of interior basin, Cumberlandian, and Atlantic slope species, EPA-260-R-08-015.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Junk, W.J., P.B. Bayley, and R.E. Sparks. 1989. The lood pulse concept in river-loodplain systems. In D.P.
Dodge (ed.), Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium . Canadian Special Publication of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 106, Ottawa, pp. 110-127.
Search WWH ::




Custom Search