Global Energy Use and Supply - Energy and the Environment - page 29

Problem 2.8
From Table 2.3 calculate the higher heating value (HHV) for U.S. coals in kJ/kg.

Problem 2.9
The world's coal reserves are estimated to be 24,000 Q. How much is that in EJ? What will be the
lifetime of coal reserves if the present consumption rate of 93 Q/y continues into the future and if
the consumption increases by r = 0 . 5, 0.8, and 1%/y? (The lifetime T of a reserve is calculated

r − 1

from T , where r is the rate of growth of consumption, Q T is the total

reserve, and Q 0 is the present consumption rate.)

= { ln[ r ( Q T / Q 0 ) + 1] }

Problem 2.10
The world's oil reserves are estimated at close to 10,000 Q. The present consumption rate is 140 Q/y.
What will be the lifetime of oil reserves if the present consumption rate continues into the future
and if the consumption rate increases by 1%/y, 1.5%/y, and 2%/y?

Problem 2.11
The world's natural gas reserves are estimated at close to 7000 Q. The present consumption rate
is 80 Q/y. What will be the lifetime of NG reserves if the present consumption rate continues into
the future and if the consumption rate increases by 2%/y, 2.5%/y, and 3%/y? Tabulate results of
Problems 2.9-2.11 in the form of Table 2.4.

Problem 2.12
Estimate the proportions (%) of world's energy consumption in 2050 supplied by primary energy
sources as shown in Figure 2.2 for 1997. Justify your proportions on the basis of what you read
and know on the predicted availability, acceptability, and cost of the energy resources.

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