Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.2
Carbon Emissions, Carbon Emissions per Capita, and per
$
GDP in Several
Countries of the World, 1996.
a
Carbon Emissions
Carbon Emissions per Capita
Carbon Emissions per $ GDP
(Mt C/y)
b
(kg/$ GDP)
c
Country
(kg/cap y)
United States
1407
5270
0.26
Canada
119
4040
0.25
Russia
496
3340
2.01
Japan
307.5
2460
0.1
Germany
228
2790
0.15
France
93
1600
0.09
Italy
112
1960
0.13
United Kingdom
148
2530
0.19
Norway
20
4560
0.19
Switzerland
11
1470
0.06
New Zealand
7.5
2100
0.17
China
871
730
1.62
India
248
270
0.65
Indonesia
81
410
0.62
Brazil
68
430
0.2
Mexico
98
1070
0.63
NA
d
World Total
6250
1090
a
Data from U.S. Department of Energy, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge.
b
Million metric tons of carbon per year
c
Gross Domestic Product in constant 1987 U.S. dollars.
d
NA, not applicable.
2.6
END-USE ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE
UNITED STATES
In order to gain some insight as to where lie the greatest potentials in energy savings, it is useful
to consider the consumption of energy in each end use sector. The major sectors are residential-
commercial, industrial, and transportation. We shall use the United States as an example. In other
countries the end-use pattern may differ somewhat, depending on the industrial output of the
country (heavy vs. light industry), climate (heating vs. air conditioning, or neither), and automobile
usage (personal vs. freight; distances traveled). In 1996, the U.S. total primary energy consumption
was close to 90 Q. Of this the industrial sector consumed 36.2%, residential-commercial 36.6%,
and transportation 27.2%. In 1973, the shares of the three sectors were: industry 43%, residential-
commercial 32%, and transportation 25%. This reflects the trend of (a) population growth and (b) a
shift from an industrial to a service oriented economy, and within the industrial sector, a shift from
heavy (“low-tech”) to light (“high tech”) industry. In the United States, over the years 1973-1996
the energy consumption per GDP also declined. In 1973, it was 19,000 Btu per constant 1992 dollar;
in 1996, 13,000 Btu per 1992 dollar. This shift reflects the increasing share of the service industry
to the total economy.