Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
4
3
2
1
Experimental data
Continuous process
Discontinuous process
0
0
300
600
900
1200
1500
Time (s)
(b)
3.0
2.4
1.8
Experimental data
Continuous process
Discontinuous process
1.2
0.6
0.0
-20
0 0 0 0 0
100
120
140
Time (s)
FIGURE 2.17
Probe beam delection measurement is made after a potential pulse is applied to (a) monolithic porous electrode
(NpC-CTAB); (b) hierarchical porous electrode (HPC-f). Full lines represent theoretical calculations for each
type of ion transport process.
is simply the use of thermosensitive hydrogels [136], which shrink upon heating, releasing
a large part (albeit not all) of the swelling water, making it available to the user.
The swelling can be easily measured by weighing the dry and swollen hydrogel and cal-
culating the amount of water that is loaded upon swelling. Figure 2.18 shows the swelling
curve of a typical hydrogel.
As it can be seen, the degree of swelling could reach several thousand percent. This
means that a signiicant volume of external solution is taken spontaneously into the solid
gel, allowing water remediation without using an external lux.
