Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
(a)
Water
source
Supply and
conveyance
Water
treatment
Water
distribution
Residential,
commercial,
industrial,
or public
end use
Recycled water
distribution
Recycled water
treatment
Water
source
Wa stewater
treatment
Wa stewater
collection
Discharge
(b)
40,000
35,000
30,000
25,000
20,000
15,000
10,000
5000
0
Energy for distribution dependent on
pump, distance, elevation gain, etc.
Interbasin
transfer
(CA state
water)
Seawater
desalination
Groundwater
recharge
Dependent on
facility size and
type of treatment
Standard water
treatment
Gravity-fed
to ocean
Gravity-fed
Water supply
and
conveyance
Water
treatment
Water
distribution
Wa stewater
collection and
treatment
Wa stewater
discharge
Recycled water
distribution
FIGURE 28.11
(a) Box-low diagram from the work by Sanders and Webber based on a report from the California Energy
Commission that shows a conceptual framework for water extraction and use in an urban environment. It
should be noted that the discharge back to the source is not necessarily the same source or same quality as the
initial intake. (b) Energy consumption for essential steps in the conceptual urban water cycle. It has been esti-
mated that ~6% of US electricity consumption is for generating and conveyance of water. (From Sanders, K.T.
and M.E. Webber, Environmental Research Letters , 7, 1, 2012.)
Primary
Secondary
Te rtiary
Disinfection and
nutrient removal
Primary
clarification
Screens
Aeration
Clarification
Sewage
intake
Release into environment
or reclaimed water application
Disposal:
Landfill
Incinertion
Land application
Biosolids
digester
FIGURE 28.12
Typical sewage treatment process train with biosolids digester. Actual setup varies by speciic wastewater treat-
ment plant. (Based on information from Metcalf, L. and H.P. Eddy, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Reuse ,
G. Tchobanoglous, F.L. Burton, and H.D. Stensel, eds. Boston: McGraw Hill, 2003.)
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