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signiicant new technology incorporation or effects of regulations limiting carbon-based
emissions. For example, current commercially available carbon capture technologies typi-
cally consume large quantities of water, and could increase water consumption by 50%-
90% depending on the speciic power generation platform as presented graphically in the
data reported in Figure 28.5.
Following our discussion above, we note that Figure 28.3 shows water withdrawal,
which represents the total water taken from source waters. For thermoelectric power gen-
eration, the most common form of water consumption is by evaporation and water con-
sumption represents the amount post-withdrawal that is not returned to the source water.
In many instances, the water may be returned to the source (usually a surface water body)
but it may be at different conditions (temperature, total dissolved solids [TDS], pH, or
other properties). The US Geological Survey freshwater consumption data presented in
Figure 28.6 provides a comparison between water withdrawals (Figure 28.3) and water
1600
90% increase
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
89% increase
41%
increase
55%
increase
75%
increase
96%
increase
GE
IGCC
CoP E-Gas
IGCC
Shell
IGCC
Subcritical
PC
Supercritical
PC
NGCC
Without carbon capture and compression
With carbon capture and compression
FIGURE 28.5
Water withdrawals as function of power generation method by comparing current state of the art in carbon
capture technology. (From NETL, Innovations for Existing Plants: Water Energy Interface [cited February 18, 2013];
Available at http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/ewr/water/index.html#top, 2010.)
Irrigation
81%
Livestock
3%
Domestic
6%
Public
supply
1%
ermo-
electric
3%
Industrial
4%
FIGURE 28.6
Consumption of water as percentage of total withdrawals. Data based on the most recent reports from the
USGS (1995). Comparison with Figure 28.3 shows differences between water withdrawal and consumption.
(From NETL, Department of Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory's Water-Energy Interface Research
Program: December 2010 Update , J.P. Ciferno, R.K. Munson, and J.T. Murphy, eds. National Energy Technology
Laboratory, 2010.)
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