Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
2
Hierarchical Carbon and Hydrogels for
Sensing, Remediation in Drinking Water,
and Aqua
culture Drug Delivery
Cesar A. Barbero, Rusbel Coneo Rodriguez, Rebeca Rivero, María V. Martinez,
María A. Molina, Juan Balach, Mariano M. Bruno, Gabriel A. Planes,
Diego F. Acevedo, Claudia R. Rivarola, and María Cristina Miras
Chemistry Department, Universidad Nacional de Rio Cuarto, Río Cuarto, Argentina
CONTENTS
2.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 16
2.1.1
Why Nanoporous Materials? ................................................................................. 16
2.1.2
Historical Porous Materials .................................................................................... 17
2.1.2.1 Nanoporous Carbon ................................................................................. 18
2.1.2.2 Nanoporous Hydrogels ............................................................................ 18
2.1.2.3 Conducting Polymers ............................................................................... 19
2.1.2.4 Nanoparticles ............................................................................................. 19
2.2
How to Make Nanoporous Materials and Nanocomposites ......................................... 19
2.2.1 Nanoporous Carbon ................................................................................................ 19
2.2.1.1 Use of Cationic Surfactant (CTAB) Micelles as Nanoparticle
Stabilizers ................................................................................................... 20
2.2.1.2 Use of Cationic Polyelectrolyte (PDAMAC) as Nanoparticle
Stabilizer ..................................................................................................... 21
2.2.1.3 Use of Fibers to Produce Hierarchical Porous Carbon ........................ 21
2.2.1.4 Use of Hard Template (Silica Nanoparticles) to Produce
Hierarchical Porous Carbon .................................................................... 22
2.2.1.5 Self-Assembly of Porous Carbon Microparticles to Produce
Hierarchical Carbon Layers ..................................................................... 24
2.2.2 Nanoporous Hydrogels ........................................................................................... 26
2.2.3 Nanocomposites ....................................................................................................... 28
2.2.3.1
Conductive Polymer Filling the Nanopores of a Hydrogel ................ 28
2.2.3.2
Magnetite Nanoparticles Adsorbed in a Macroporous Hydrogel ..... 29
2.2.3.3
Polyaniline Nanoparticles Adsorbed Inside a Macroporous
Hydrogel ..................................................................................................... 30
2.3
Which Techniques Can Be Used to Measure the Relevant Properties? ....................... 30
2.3.1
Surface Area and Porosity of Porous Carbon ...................................................... 30
2.3.2
Direct Measurement of Carbon Porosity .............................................................. 31
2.3.3
Electrochemical Properties of Nanoporous Carbon ........................................... 32
2.3.3.1
Double-Layer Capacitance ....................................................................... 32
2.3.4
Faradaic Reactions ................................................................................................... 34
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