Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
20
Advances in Nanostructured Polymers and
Membran
es for Removal of Heavy Metals in Water
Bhekie B. Mamba, Titus A.M. Msagati, J. Catherine Ngila,
Stephen Musyoka, Derrick Dlamini, and Sabelo D. Mhlanga
Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of
Johannesburg, Doornfontein, Johannesburg, South Africa
CONTENTS
20.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 400
20.2 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposites ....................................................................................... 400
20.2.1 Polymer-Clay Nanocomposite Formation ......................................................... 401
20.2.1.1 In Situ Polymerization ............................................................................ 402
20.2.1.2 Solution Blending .................................................................................... 402
20.2.1.3 Melt Blending .......................................................................................... 402
20.2.2 PCNs in Heavy Metal Removal from Water ...................................................... 403
20.2.3 Ion-Imprinted Polymers for Selective Metals Adsorption ............................... 403
20.2.3.1 Monomers, Cross-Linkers, and Solvents for the Imprinting
Procedure ................................................................................................. 404
20.2.3.2 General Methods for Polymerization during IIP Synthesis.............. 405
20.3 Membrane Technology in Water Puriication Works ................................................... 406
20.3.1 Synthesis and Preparation of Membrane Materials ......................................... 406
20.3.2 Characterization of Membranes .......................................................................... 408
20.3.3 Removal of Heavy Metals, Organometallics, and Metalloids Using
Nanomembranes .................................................................................................... 409
20.4 Nanoibers for Water Treatment Processes .................................................................... 410
20.4.1 Preparation of Cellulose and Chitosan Nanoibers .......................................... 411
20.4.1.1 Cellulose Nanoibers .............................................................................. 411
20.4.1.2 Chitin and Chitosan Nanoibers ........................................................... 411
20.4.2 Functionalization of the Nanoibers ................................................................... 412
20.4.3 Application of Nanoibers in Trace Metals Removal ........................................ 413
20.5 Challenges ........................................................................................................................... 413
20.5.1 Opportunities ......................................................................................................... 414
20.6 Conclusions ......................................................................................................................... 414
References ..................................................................................................................................... 415
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