Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
18
Nanotechnology Tunneling in the Environmental
Kuznets Curve (EKC): Nano Zerovalent Iron
for Under
ground Water Remediation
Ali Marjowy
1,2
and Rasool Lesan-Khosh
1,3
1
International Centre for Nanotechnology, United Nations Industrial
Development Organization (UNIDO), Tehran, Iran
2
Techno-Entrepreneurship Group, Entrepreneurship Faculty, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3
Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
CONTENTS
18.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 358
18.2 Nano Zerovalent Iron (nZVI) Particles in Underground Water Remediation .......... 359
18.2.1 Technology Life Cycle ........................................................................................... 359
18.2.1.1 Research and Development ................................................................... 360
18.2.1.2 Commercialization ................................................................................. 360
18.2.1.3 Technology Transfer and Adoption ..................................................... 360
18.2.2 Product Life Cycle of nZVI ................................................................................... 360
18.2.2.1 Raw Materials .......................................................................................... 362
18.2.2.2 Production ................................................................................................ 362
18.2.2.3 Use ............................................................................................................. 362
18.2.2.4 Disposal/Recycling ................................................................................ 362
18.2.3 Economics of nZVI ................................................................................................ 363
18.2.4 Potential Risks of Nanoparticles .......................................................................... 364
18.3 Environmental Kuznets Curve ........................................................................................ 364
18.3.1 Tunneling through EKC ........................................................................................ 367
18.3.2 Policy Role ............................................................................................................... 368
18.3.3 Technology Role ..................................................................................................... 369
18.3.4 Role of Nanotechnology in Tunneling the EKC: Case of Water ...................... 369
18.3.5 Practical Issues ....................................................................................................... 371
18.3.6 Level of Impact: Need for Full Life Cycle Economic Assessment .................. 371
18.3.7 Ownership of Technology .................................................................................... 371
18.3.8 Technology Adoption ............................................................................................ 372
18.3.9 Timeline ................................................................................................................... 372
18.3.10 Safety Concerns and Social Impact ................................................................... 372
18.3.11 Tunneling through the EKC by Application of nZVI in the Water Industry ..... 373
18.4 Policy Implications............................................................................................................. 373
18.4.1 International Collaboration .................................................................................. 373
18.4.1.1 Collaborative Open Innovation Scheme .............................................. 373
18.4.1.2 Regulation and Governance .................................................................. 374
357
