Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
17
Technolog
ical Developments in Water Deluoridation
Nitin K. Labhsetwar, S. Jagtap Lunge, Amit K. Bansiwal,
Pawan K. Labhasetwar, Sadhana S. Rayalu, and Satish R. Wate
CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur, India
CONTENTS
17.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 318
17.2 Fluorosis Control Options ................................................................................................ 320
17.2.1 Alternative Water Sources .................................................................................... 320
17.2.1.1 Dual Water Sources................................................................................. 321
17.2.1.2 Rainwater Harvesting ............................................................................ 321
17.2.2 Artiicial Recharge for Groundwater Fluoride Dilution .................................. 321
17.2.3 Integrated Fluorosis Mitigation ........................................................................... 321
17.2.3.1 IFM Approach ......................................................................................... 322
17.3 Technological Options for Water Deluoridation .......................................................... 324
17.3.1 Coagulation-Precipitation-Based Deluoridation Techniques ........................ 325
17.3.1.1 Nalgonda Technique ............................................................................... 325
17.3.1.2 Chemo-Deluoridation Technique ........................................................ 326
17.3.2 Electrocoagulation ................................................................................................. 327
17.3.3 Contact Precipitation Method .............................................................................. 327
17.3.4 Magnesia-Based Precipitation .............................................................................. 327
17.4 Membrane-Based Deluoridation Processes .................................................................. 328
17.4.1 Reverse Osmosis .................................................................................................... 328
17.4.2 Nanoiltration ......................................................................................................... 328
17.4.3 Electrodialysis ........................................................................................................ 329
17.4.4 Donnan Dialysis ..................................................................................................... 329
17.5 Distillation .......................................................................................................................... 329
17.6 Electrochemical Methods ................................................................................................. 330
17.6.1 Electrolytic Deluoridation Technique of CSIR-NEERI .................................... 330
17.7 Adsorption- and Ion-Exchange-Based Deluoridation Methods ................................ 332
17.7.1 Activated Alumina ................................................................................................ 332
17.7.2 Bone Charcoal ........................................................................................................ 333
17.7.3 Clay .......................................................................................................................... 333
17.7.4 Ion-Exchange Resins.............................................................................................. 333
17.7.5 Carbon ..................................................................................................................... 333
17.7.6 Industrial and Agricultural Waste Materials as Adsorbents .......................... 334
17.7.7 Biopolymer-Based Adsorbents ............................................................................ 335
17.7.7.1 Composite-Type Adsorbent-Based Domestic Deluoridation
Unit “NEERMAL” of the CSIR-NEERI ................................................. 337
17.7.7.2 Household Treatment Methods for Fluoride Removal in Rural
Areas by CSIR-NEERI ............................................................................ 337
317
