Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
12
Engineered Polymers and Organic-Inorganic Hybrids
as Antimi
crobial Materials for Water Disinfection
Divakara S.S.M. Uppu, Jiaul Hoque, and Jayanta Haldar
Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru
Center for Advanced Science Research, Bengaluru, India
CONTENTS
12.1 Polymeric Disinfectants .................................................................................................... 218
12.1.1 Water-Soluble Polymers ........................................................................................ 218
12.1.2 Water-Insoluble Polymeric Matrix....................................................................... 220
12.1.3 Antimicrobial Surfaces ......................................................................................... 222
12.1.4 Antimicrobial and Antifouling Polymers .......................................................... 223
12.2 Organic-Inorganic Material Hybrids ............................................................................. 224
12.2.1 Polymer-Ag Composites ....................................................................................... 224
12.2.2 Organic-Silica Composites ................................................................................... 225
12.2.2.1
N
-Halamine Silica Composites ............................................................. 225
12.2.2.2 Polymer-Silica Composites ................................................................... 226
12.2.3 Inorganic-Organic TiO
2
Composites .................................................................. 226
12.3 Carbonaceous and Mesoporous Materials ..................................................................... 228
12.3.1 AC-Ag Composites ................................................................................................ 228
12.3.2 AC with Biocidal Quaternary Ammonium Groups ......................................... 229
12.3.3 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials or Nanocomposites ........................................... 230
12.3.4 Clay-Inorganic Composites ................................................................................. 232
12.4 Polymer and Polymer-Nanocomposites in Membrane Filtration Technology......... 233
12.4.1 Polymers in Membrane Filtration ........................................................................ 234
12.4.2 Polymer-Inorganic Nanoparticle Composite Membrane ................................ 235
12.4.3 Polymer-Carbonaceous Composite Membrane ................................................ 236
12.4.4 Paper-Based Filtration ........................................................................................... 237
References ..................................................................................................................................... 238
Waterborne infectious diseases continue to be the leading cause of death in many devel-
oping nations. Diarrhea, a waterborne infectious disease, kills more young children than
do acquired immune immunodeiciency virus, malaria, and measles combined (WHO/
UNICEF 2009).
1
Microbial contaminants include human pathogens such as
Salmonella
spp.,
Shigella
spp.,
Escherichia coli
,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
,
Vibrio cholera
, rotavirus,
Cryptosporidium
parvum
,
Giardia
cysts, etc. The World Health Organization (WHO, 1996)
2
recommended
that any water intended for drinking should contain zero fecal and total coliform counts
in any 100 mL sample. The US Environmental Protection Agency 1987 Guide Standard and
217
