Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Korea
Japan
China
Te sting site layout
Petrochemical plant
Ta iwan
Kaohsiung
Industrial park
FIGURE 4.5
(See color insert.) Pilot testing site (200 m 2 ) of nZVI remediation conducted at a petrochemical plant in
Kaohsiung, Taiwan. nZVI was synthesized on site using a semicontinuous reactor system.
operation duration, to compare ield tests on a consistent basis. In other words, it may be
necessary to set and apply a more generalized effectiveness indicator, which is a function
of operation time, size of treated zone, and degradation eficiency (integrated over the
treatment area), to enable a more meaningful comparison.
From an application point of view, there is a need to develop design parameters
and guidelines for nZVI technology, so as to properly evaluate the performance and
effectiveness of nZVI in the ield. Through the design parameters, engineers will be
able to estimate the injection amount of nZVI and the cost of treatment. Factors that
may be taken into consideration as the design parameter include the dose of nZVI,
contaminant removal capacity (e.g., kg contaminant (kg nZVI) −1 ), and speciic through-
put (e.g., treated volume (kg nZVI) −1 ). Currently, ield data are rare and insuficient
to provide a good basis for the estimation of the capacity and throughput of nZVI.
Nevertheless, ield experiences provide a baseline measurement of the injection dose of
nZVI, although the reported results of some ield cases are quite inconsistent [149,152].
For instance, a case reported high degradation eficiency (>90%) in the use of a very
low nZVI dose (1.9 μg L −1 coated with 1% palladium) and another case determined the
degradation eficiency to be about 40%-80% at a very high nZVI dose (20%) [152]. On
the basis of the experience learned from the ield cases in Europe, the injection dose
was in the range of 1-30 g L −1 [153].
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