Transmission - 3DTV: Processing and Transmission of 3D Video Signals - page 109

4.3.3.1 Mobile Broadband Networks

One of the most important stages in the end-to-end 3D video delivery
chain over mobile broadband networks is the system used for the delivery
of 3D video to the wireless subscribers. Wireless cellular technologies are
continuously developing to meet the increasing demands for high data
rate mobile services. The International Telecommunication Union (ITU)
has been working on a new international standard called International
Mobile Telecommunications-Advanced (IMT-Advanced), which is regarded
as the succeeding and evolutionary version of IMT-2000, the international
standard on 3G technologies and systems. Among the few technologies
that are currently contending for a place in the IMT-Advanced standard
include the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution
(LTE)/LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), 3GPP2 Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), and
the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) based on
IEEE 802.16e/m.
3GPP LTE was introduced by 3GPP in Release 8 as the next major step in
the development track. The goals of LTE include higher data rates, better
spectrum efficiency, reduced delays, lower cost for operators, and seamless
connection to existing networks, such as GSM, CDMA, and HSPA [2].
Commercial deployments of LTE networks have already started around the
end of 2009. LTE is based on an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) air interface in the downlink direction and a Single Carrier-
Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) air interface in the uplink
direction. It is capable of providing considerably high peak data rates of 100
Mbps and 50 Mbps in the downlink and uplink directions, respectively in
a 20 MHz channel bandwidth. LTE supports a scalable bandwidth ranging
from 1.25 to 20 MHz and supports both Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
and Time Division Duplex (TDD) duplexing modes. In order to achieve
high throughput and spectral efficiency, LTE uses a Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO) system, such as 2 2 MIMO configurations

in the downlink direction. The one-way latency target between the Base
Station (BS) and the User Equipment (UE) terminal is set to be less than
100 msec for the control-plane and less than 5 msec for the user-plane.
In addition, LTE provides IP-based traffic as well as end-to-end Quality
of Service (QoS) to support multimedia services. LTE-A is being specified
initially as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specifications that will meet or
exceed the requirements of the IMT-Advanced standard.
WiMAX is a broadband wireless access technology that is based on the IEEE
802.16 standard, which is also called the Wireless Metropolitan Area Network
(WirelessMAN). The name ''WiMAX'' was created by the WiMAX Forum [3]
that was formed in June 2001 to promote conformance and interoperability of
the standard. It enables the delivery of last-mile wireless broadband services
as an alternative to cable and Digital Subscriber Line (xDSL) wireline access
technologies. The ease of deployment and the low cost of installation and

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