The Structure and Dynamics of Scientific Knowledge - Mapping Scientific Frontiers: The Quest for Knowledge Visualization - page 193

Fig. 5.24 Map of all patents issued by the US Patent Office in January 2000. Design patents are
shown in magenta ; patents granted to universities in green ; and IBM's patents in red (Reproduced
from Figure 5 of Boyack et al. 2000 )

5.6 Summary

In this chapter, we have introduced factors that influence perceived impact of scien-
tific works, such as Matthew Effect. We focused on two mainstream approaches
to science mapping, namely co-word analysis and co-citation analysis. Within
co-citation analysis, we distinguished document co-citation analysis and author co-
citation analysis. Key techniques used in and developed along with these approaches
were described, although our focus was on the fundamental requirements and
strategies rather than detailed implementations. More fundamental issues were
identified, that is, where should we go next from the global map of a field of
study from 60,000 ft above the ground? The central theme of this chapter is on the
shoulders of giants, which implies that the knowledge of the structure of scientific
frontiers in the immediate past holds the key to a fruitful exploration of human
being's intellectual assets. Henry Small's specialty narrative provided an excellent
example to mark the transition from admiring a global map to a more detailed
knowledge acquisition process. We conclude this chapter with a visualization of the
literature of co-citation analysis. The visualization in Fig. 5.25 shows a network of
co-cited references from articles that cited either Henry Small or Belver Griffith, the
two pioneers of the co-citation research. The visualization is generated by CiteSpace
based on citations made between 1973 and 2011. The age of an area of concentration