Information Technology Reference
In-Depth Information
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Small H., 1973, JASIS, 24(4), 265-269.
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Small H., 1974, Science Studies, 4(1), 17-40.
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Griffith BC, 1974, Science Studies, 4(4), 339-365.
To make it easier to read, I manually annotated the diagram by labeling nodes
with the lead author and a short phrase. The diagram makes it clear that the
co-citation research was pioneered by Henry Small in an article published in the
Journal of the American Society for Information Science (JASIS) in 1973. His
article cited 20 articles, including Garfield's
1955
paper in Science, which laid down
the foundation of citation analysis, Kessler's 1963 paper, in which the concept of
bibliographic coupling was introduced.
In 1974, Small and Griffith further consolidated the conceptual foundation of
co-citation analysis. Garfield's article on citation classics also appeared in the same
year. Three years later, Small deepened the co-citation methodology further with a
longitudinal cocitation study of collagen research. In the meantime, Moravcsik and
Murugesan studied function and quality of citations. Gilbert examined the role of
citations in persuasion. Small crystalized the notion of cited references as concept
symbols. The first major review article appeared in Library Trends in 1981, written
by Linda Smith.
Author cocitation analysis (ACA) was first introduced in 1981 by Howard White
and Belver Griffith. Generally speaking, a co-citation network of authors tends to
be denser than a co-citation network of references, or document cocitation analysis
(DCA), as proposed by Small. ACA can be seen as an aggregated form of cocitation
analysis because different articles by the same author would be aggregated to the
name of the author in ACA. On the one hand, such aggregation may simplify
the overall complexity of the structure of a specialty. On the other hand, such
aggregation may also lose the necessary information to differentiate the works by
the same author. Considering it is quite common for a scholar to change his or
her research interests from time to time, one may argue that it would be more
informative to keep the distinct work of the same author separated instead of
lumping them altogether. The co-word analysis method was introduced by Callon
et al. in 1983. In 1985, Brooks investigated what motivated citers, while Small
further advanced the method for cocitation analysis with specific focus on the role
of cocitations as a clustering mechanism.
In 1987, Swanson's work merged, leading to research in literature-based dis-
covery. His 1987 paper was followed by two more papers in 1990 and 1997,
respectively. In the meantime, Howard White and Katherine McCain reviewed the
state of the art of biometrics with their special focus on authors as opposed to other
units of analysis. In 1998, White and McCain presented a comprehensive ACA of
information science and mapped the results in multidimensional scaling (MDS). In
1999, we introduced Pathfinder network scaling to the analysis of author cocitation
networks. In 2006, the publication of CiteSpace II marked a streamlined analytic
platform for cocitation studies. In 2008, the most recent addition to the landscape
of cocitation literature was Martin Rosvall's work that models information flows in
networks in terms of random walks.
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