The Structure and Dynamics of Scientific Knowledge - Mapping Scientific Frontiers: The Quest for Knowledge Visualization - page 180

Fig. 5.11 The first map of author co-citation analysis, featuring specialties in information science
(1972-1979) (Reproduced from White and Griffith 1981 )
generated maps of the top 100 authors in the field. Major specialties in the fields
were identified using factor analysis. The resultant map showed that the field of
information science consisted of two major specialties with little overlap in terms
of their memberships, namely experimental retrieval and scientific communication.
Citation analysis belongs to the same camp as scientific communication. One of
remarkable findings was that the new map preserved some of the basic structure
from the 1981 map: scientific communication on the right and information retrieval
on the left.
White and McCain demonstrated that authors might simultaneously belong to
several specialties. Instead of clustering authors into mutual exclusive specialties,
they used PCA to accommodate the multiple-specialty membership for each author.
First, the raw co-citation counts were transformed into Pearson's correlation
coefficients as a measure of similarity between pairs of authors (White and McCain
1998 ). They generated an MDS-based author co-citation map of 100 authors in
information science for the period of 1972-1995. It is clear from the map that
information science was made of two major camps: the experimental retrieval
camp on the right and the citation analysis camp on the left. The experimental
retrieval camp includes names such as Vannevar Bush (1890-1974), Gerald Salton
(1964-1988), and Don Swanson, whereas the citation camp includes David Price
(1922-1983), Eugene Garfield, Henry Small, and Howard White. Thomas Kuhn
(1922-1996) appears at about the coordinates of ( 1.3, 0.8).