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Fig. 3.2
The scope of the Knowledge of London, within which London taxi drivers are supposed
to know the most direct route by heart, that is, without resorting to the A-Z street map
account by map designers (Levine et al.
1982
,
1984
). Levine stressed that maps
should be congruent with the environment so that we can quickly locate our current
position and orientation on the map and in the environment. Levine laid down three
principals for map design:
The two
-
point theorem
- a map reader must be able to relate two points on the map
to their corresponding two points in the environment.
The alignment principle
- the map should be aligned with the terrain. A line between
any two points in space should be parallel to the line between those two points
on the map.
The forward
-
up principle
- the upward direction on a map must always show what
is in front of the viewer.
Researchers have adapted much of the real-world way-finding strategies for way-
finding task in virtual environments. For example, Rudolph Darken and others
provide an informative summary in their article on way-finding behavior in virtual
environments (Darken et al.
1998
).
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