Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Box 5.6
Innovation may have many consequences,
including changes in the following:
•
Crop or enterprise yields (land productivity);
•
other input productivity (water productivity, labor productivity);
•
livelihood strategies, including market interactions and labor
migration;
•
incomes, poverty and food security;
•
farm household profits and their distribution within the household;
•
climate and market-related risk;
•
human health;
•
gender and equity, including access to resources;
•
cross-scale consequences and externalities (e.g., undesirable down-
stream effects of a practice favorable for upstream users;
•
water availability for other uses (quantity, timeliness, quality);
•
system sustainability and resilience;
•
build-up or loss of social capital;
•
land and water resource quality and whether it is regenerating or
degrading;
•
ecosystem services, biodiversity and the environmental quality; and
•
economic, social and environmental costs of the innovation at
multiple scales.
managing large dams affected the incidence of malaria, although the outputs
were not translated into outcomes (Kibret et al., 2009; McCartney et al.,
2009). In Burkina Faso, project PN46 explored how different ways of
managing small reservoirs affected water quality and human health (Boelee
et al., 2009; Andreini et al., 2010). The project also developed tools for
communities to monitor water quality and health indicators (Andreini et al.,
2009). In project PN51 in Ghana researching the use of wastewater in urban
and peri-urban irrigation, its impact on human health was a key issue (IWMI,
2009; CPWF, 2012b).
Gender and equity
Projects assessed the consequences of innovation on gender and equity in
different contexts.
In South Africa (PN28) and elsewhere, water systems designed to take
account of small-scale homestead irrigation and other productive activities can
be favorable to women. “Homestead-scale [multiple-use water services
(MUS)] not only [meet] domestic water needs but . . . give women a greater
say over productive activities at home . . . [H]omestead-scale MUS [are] the
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