Remediation and Management of Contaminated Soil - Sustainable Practices in Geoenvironmental Engineering - page 437

near future. In this case, biosparging would be the next most sustainable option that could
be accomplished in a reasonable time frame.
11.7 Concluding Remarks
The oldest method in dealing with contaminated soils is referred to as excavation and
disposal or dig and dump, an unsustainable method of managing contaminated soils.
Remediation is essential for land reuse. The remediation techniques include the processes
of washing, solidiication/stabilization, decomposition or/and biodegradation. The tech-
niques for soils and sediments are similar. When dredged materials are obtained from the
sea, the existence of salt may prevent use of some of the techniques established for soils.
The cost performance of the remediation processes is complex in terms of availability of
disposal site, price of construction materials, remediation operation cost, and the interna-
tional and domestic constraints in the environmental situation and time required for reme-
diation and site characteristics. A summary is shown in Table 11.6. Ex situ bioremediation
allows superior control of environmental parameters such as pH, oxygen, and mixing than
in situ bioremediation. However, there are still many challenges related to bioavailability
of the contaminants. This issue can be remedied through the use of biological surfactants.
In situ techniques offer decreased costs and increased worker safety. Site characterization
and conceptual model development are essential for consideration of alternate remediation
approaches in addition to laboratory and pilot testing. To reduce the impacts of the remedia-
tion technologies and enhance sustainability, new efforts are required and thus frameworks
are being developed to ensure reduction in resource requirements and reduction in emis-
sions and waste generation to protect the public and environment. The evaluation for sustain-
able remediation should be transparent and should allow for consultation with the various
stakeholders to enable incorporation of the environmental, social, and economic aspects.
Innovative techniques need to be developed and demonstrated to optimize land reuse.
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