Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 11.2
Artificial Reservoirs With Induced Seismicity
a
Location
Dam
Capacity
Basement
Date
Date of First Seismic
(Dam, Country)
Height (m)
(m
3
×
10
9
)
Geology
Impounded Earthquake
Effect
L'Oued Fodda,
101
0.0002
Dolomitic marl
1932
1/33
Felt
Algeria
Hoover, United States
221
38.3
Granites and
1935
9/36
Noticeable
Precambrian
(
M
5)
shales
Talbingo, Australia
176
0.92
Seismic
(
M
3.5)
Hsinfengkiang, China
105
11.5
Granites
1959
High activity
(
M
6.1)
Grandval, France
78
0.29
1959-60
1961
MM intensity
V in 1963
Monteynard, France
130
0.27
Limestone
1962
4/63
M
4.9
Kariba, Zimbabwe
128
160
Archean gneiss
1958
7/61
Seismic
and Karoo
(
M
6)
sediments
Vogorno, Switzerland
230
0.08
8/64
5/65
Koyna, India
103
2.78
Basalt flows of
1962
1963
Strong
Deccan trap
(
M
6.5); 177
people killed
Benmore,
110
2.04
Greywackes
12/64
2/65
Significant
New Zealand
and argillites
(
M
5.0)
Kremasta, Greece
160
4.75
Flysch
1965
12/65
Strong (
M
6.2);
1 death,
60 injuries
Nuzek Tadzik, USSR
300
10.5
1972
Increased
(to 100 m)
activity
(
M
4.5)
Kurobe, Japan
186
1960-69
Seismic
(
M
4.9)
a
From Bolt , B. A. et al.,
Geological Hazards,
Springer, New York, 1975. Reprinted with permission of Springer.
Deep-Well Withdrawal and Injection
Faulting and minor tremors occurred in the Wilmington oil field, Long Beach, California,
associated with the extraction of oil (see
Section 10.2.2).
Pumping waste fluids down a borehole to depths of 2 mi below the surface near Denver
caused a series of shocks as described in
Section 11.2.7.
Underground Mine Collapses
The collapse of salt and coal mines have been reportedly monitored as low-level earth-
quakes
(Section 10.3).
Nuclear Explosions
Underground nuclear blasts cause readily detectable seismic tremors.
Focus and Epicenter
Nomenclature
The position of the earthquake source is described by the focus, or hypocenter, which is the
location of the source within the Earth, as shown in
Figure 11.2,
and the epicenter, which is
