Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
FIGURE 9.10
Exposed rock surface remaining after runoff from torrential rains removed all vegetation, soil, and loose rock,
depositing the debris mass at the toe of the slope (BR 116, km 56, Teresopolis, R.J., Brazil).
9.2
Slope Failure Form Characteristics
9.2.1
Creep
General
Creep
is the slow, imperceptible deformation of slope materials under low stress levels,
which normally affects only the shallow portion of the slope, but can be deep-seated
where a weak zone exists. It results from gravitational and seepage forces, and is indica-
tive of conditions favorable for sliding.
Recognition
Creep is characteristic of cohesive materials and soft rock masses on moderately steep to
steep slopes. Its major surface features are parallel transverse slope ridges (“cow paths”)
