Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 7.1
(
Continued
)
Occurrence
Origin
Depositional
Primary
a
Secondary
b
Typical Material
c
Environment
Glacial
In situ
Ground moraine
Basal till
Extremely hard mixture
A blation till
Relatively loose mixtures
Drumlins
Various, with rock core
End moraine
Coarse mixtures, medium
dense
Terminal moraine
Coarse mixtures, medium
dense
Interlobate moraine
Coarse mixtures, medium
dense
Fluvial
Ice-contact
Kanes
Poorly sorted, granular
stratified drift
Kane terraces
Poorly sorted, loose
Eskers
Sand and gravel
Proglacial stratified
Outwash
Gravels to silts, loose to
drift
medium dense
Kettles
Organics
Lacustrine
Lakes
Seasonal affects
Varved clays
Marine
Offshore
Quiet waters
Sensitive clays
Secondary
In situ
Duricrusts
Lalerite
Iron, aluminum-rich
Ironstone
Iron-rich
Caliche
Carbonate-rich
Silcrete
Silica-rich
Permafrost
Ice and soil
}
Pedological
In situ
Soil profile
A Horizon
Leached, elluviated, organic
(modern
Solum
soils)
B Horizon
Illuviated zone, clays, organic
C Horizon
Partly altered parent material
D Horizon
Unaltered parent material
Soil groups
Tundra
Arctic soils
Podzol
Grayish forest soils, organic-rich
Laterites
Reddish tropical soils, low
organic, iron-rich
Chernozems
Black prairie soils, organic-rich
Chestnut soils
Brownish grassland soils,
organic-rich
Brown aridic soils
Low organic, calcareous
Gray desert soils
Very low organic
Noncalcic brown
Former forest areas, organic
a
Denotes the original form the deposited material, i.e., rock type for residual soils, type of slope failure for col-
luvial soils, mode of occurrence for soils of other origins (alluvial, aeolian, and glacial).
b
Refers to the general characteristics of residual and colluvial soils: for alluvial, aeolian and glacial, refers to a
distinctive landform, or geographical or physical position representing a modification of the primary mode.
c
The soil type generally characteristic of the deposit.
7.1.2
Terrain Analysis
General
Terrain analysis (see
Sections 2.2.4
and
6.1.2)
provides a basis for identifying the mode of
occurrence of soil formations and classifying them by origin.
Interpretative Factors
Landform, stream forms and patterns, gully characteristics, vegetation, tone and color (of
remote-sensing imagery), and land use are the basic interpretative factors for terrain
