Evolution of Modern Wind Turbines Part B: 1988 to 2008 - Wind Turbine Technology: Fundamental Concepts of Wind Turbine Engineering - page 191

10) IEC/TR 61400-24, Wind turbine generator systems - Part 24: Lightning pro-
tection
11) IEC 61400-25-1, Wind turbines - Part 25-1: Communication for monitor-
ing and control of wind power plants - Overall description of principles and
models
12) IEC 61400-25-2 ,Wind turbines - Part 25-2: Communication for monitoring
and control of wind power plants - Information models
13) IEC 61400-25-3, Wind turbines - Part 25-3: Communication for monitoring
and control of wind power plants - Information exchange models
14) IEC 61400-25-4, Wind turbines - Part 25-4: Communication for monitoring
and control of wind power plants - Mapping to communication proile
15) IEC 61400-25-5, Wind turbines - Part 25-5: Communication for monitoring
and control of wind power plants - Conformance testing
16) IEC 614000-SER, Wind Turbine generator systems - ALL PARTS
17) IEC 61400-22, IEC System for Conformity Testing and Certiication of Wind
Turbines - Rules and procedures
18) ISO 61400-4, Wind turbines - Part 4: Design and speciication of gearboxes
Evolution of Offshore Wind Energy
Background
The concept for offshore wind power generation can be traced back to Hermann Honnef,
a German engineer in the 1930s [Dörner 2007]. In the United States, William Heronemus
[1972], a naval architect and professor of Ocean Engineering at the University of Massachu-
setts, was the irst to introduce offshore wind energy as an engineered solution for large-scale
energy production. In the 1970s, before the latest wind renaissance, Heronemus wrote about
his vision for large-scale power production from deep water, multi-rotor, loating, offshore
wind turbines that produced hydrogen instead of electricity in a series of papers.
The irst European studies, published in the late 1970s, laid the groundwork for the irst
round of offshore projects [Elkintin et al. 2008]. These studies focused on assessing the off-
shore resource and investigating the feasibility of large offshore wind plants. No turbines were
actually built until 1990, when a single demonstration wind turbine was erected in Nogersund,
Sweden. Shortly thereafter, the Vindeby wind plant was erected in Denmark in 1991.
Current Status of Offshore Wind Power Stations
Offshore wind energy got a big boost in 2001 when Demark installed two large 160-MW
offshore wind power plants: Horns Rev and Nysted. According to the European Wind En-
ergy Association (EWEA), by the end of 2007, the worldwide offshore installed capacity was
1,079 MW with 21 different projects in ive countries, as illustrated in Figure 3-48 [EWEA
2008]. Table 3-10 lists the offshore wind power plants installed world-wide by 2008. Re-
cently, EWEA announced targets to expand offshore wind in the European Union to 40,000
MW installed by 2020 and as much as 150,000 MW by 2030 [Elkintin et al. 2008]. In the
United States, at the end of 2007 there were several project proposals for offshore wind power
stations in both state and federal waters totaling to more than 1,700 MW, but no projects
have been installed as yet.
Offshore wind power is both a globally dispersed and abundant resource that has the poten-
tial to make a large impact in meeting future energy needs. In the United States, 28 of the states