Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
SOLUTION: Apply Eq. 3.11 for both questions, we have:
(a) t 0:20 ¼ 1:533 for df ¼ 51 ¼ 4; two-tailed¼0.20 or one-tailed 0.10 (80% con-
fidence), n ¼½1:5330:12=ð0:740:70Þ
2
¼ 22
2
(b) n ¼½1:5330:12=ð0:740:58Þ
¼ 2. Now only two samples are needed if the
actual concentration is very different from the regulatory level.
REFERENCES
Battelle Memorial Institute (2006), Visual Sample Plan (VSP) Version 4.6D. Richland, WA (downloadable
from http://dqo.pnl.gov/vsp/vspsoft.htm).
*G ILBERT RO (1987). Statistical Methods for Environmental PollutionMonitoring, Van Nostrand Reinhold,
New York, NY.
K EBBEKUS BB and M ITRA S (1998), Environmental Chemical Analysis, Blackie Academic &
Professional London, UK.
K EITH L.H. (1990). Environmental sampling: A summary. Environ. Sci. Technol., 24(5):610-617.
K RATOCHVIL B, W ALLACE D, T AYLOR JK 1984. Sampling for chemical analysis, Anal. Chem., 56:
113-129.
M ANLY BFJ (2001), Statistics for Environmental Science and Management, Chapman & Hall/CRC Boca
Raton, FL.
P OPEK EP (2003), Sampling and Analysis of Environmental Chemical Pollutants: A Complete Guide,
Academic Press San Diego, CA.
US EPA (1986), Chapter 9. Sampling Plan. Testing Methods for Evaluating Solid Wastes: Physical/
Chemical Methods (http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste).
US EPA (2000), Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process, EPAQA/G-4; EPA/600/R96/055, U.S.
EPA: Washington, DC, August 2000 (http://www.epa.gov/quality/qs-doc/g4-final.pdf).
US EPA (1993), Data Quality Objectives for Superfund: Interim Final Guidance. EPA/540/G-93/071.
*US EPA (2002), Guidance on Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection for Use in
Developing a Quality Assurance Project Plan, EPA QA/G-5S. Office of Environmental Information,
EPA/240/R-02/005.
US EPA (1995), Superfund Program Representative Sampling Guidance: Volume 1, Soil, Interim final,
EPA 540-R-95-141, OSWER Directive 9360.4-10, PB96-963207, December 1995.
US EPA (1995), Superfund Program Representative Sampling Guidance: Volume 2, Air (Short-Term
Monitoring), Interim final, EPA 540-R-95-140, OSWER Directive 9360.4-09, PB96-963206, December
1995.
US EPA (1997), Superfund Program Representative Sampling Guidance: Volume 3, Biological,
Interim final, EPA 540-R-97-028, OSWER Directive 9285.7-25A, PB97-963239, December 1995.
US EPA (1995), Superfund Program Representative Sampling Guidance: Volume 4, Waste, Interim final,
EPA 540-R-95-141, OSWER Directive 9360.4-14, PB96-963207, December 1995.
US EPA (1995), Superfund Program Representative Sampling Guidance: Volume 5, Surface Water and
Sediment, Interim final, OSWER Directive 9360.4-16, December 1995.
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. Why are the data quality objectives (DQOs) important prior to the implementation of
environmental sampling?
* Suggested Readings
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