Basics of Environmental Sampling and Analysis - Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis - page 36

Table 2.7 Major EPA regulations and their relevancies to sampling and analysis

1. Clean Water Act (CWA): 40 CFR 100-140

Established standards for surface water (40 CFR 131) and municipal and industrial
wastewater (40 CFR 125). The latter is referred to as National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permits.
Approved methods of analysis along with approved sampling containers, preservatives,
and holding times (40 CFR 136.3 (e)).
Lists three classes of monitoring pollutants: Conventional pollutants (BOD, COD, pH,
TSS, bacteria, oil and grease fecal coliform), nonconventional pollutants (N, P, NH 3,
etc.), and toxic pollutants (129 EPA priority pollutants).

2. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA): 40 CFR 141-149

Established two tiers of analytes in drinking water for The National Primary Drinking
Water Standards (40 CFR 141) and The National Secondary Drinking Water Standards
(40 CFR 143).
Includes chemical, microbiological and radiological parameters that directly affect
human health to meet the Primary Standard requirement. Includes materials that affect
taste, odor, color, and other nonhealth related qualities to meet the Secondary Standard
requirement.
Approved proper sampling and analytical methodologies, and the Manual for

Certification of Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water (EPA, 1997).

3. Clean Air Act (CAA): 40 CFR 50-99

Established National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards for ambient
air and required EPA to establish emission standards for various industries for air permit
issuance (similar to NPDES permit for wastewater).
Approved analytical methods for six atmospheric criteria pollutants, CO, SO 2 ,NO 2 , Pb,
PM, O 3 .
Developed a number of methods for the analysis of 189 compounds called hazardous air
pollutants (HAP), including volatiles (vp 300 C), semivolatiles (vp > 0.1 mm Hg, BP <

10 1 to 10 7 mm Hg, BP 300-600 C), and particulates.
The applicable methods encompass sampling and analysis in the 00xx series
methods in SW-846, the draft Air CLP-SOW, 40 CFR 60 & 61 and the TO-1 to -14
manual.

4. Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA): 40 CFR 240-299

Published sampling and analytical methods for solid wastes: Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Wastes, Physical/Chemical Methods commonly referred to as SW-846 (http://
www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/main.htm)
Includes methods for (1) identification of a waste as hazardous on the basis of toxicity,
ignitability, reactivity, and corrosivity, (2) determining physical properties of wastes, and
(3) determining chemical constituents in wastes.

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