Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
A = Hydrocarbon (BTEX Series)
1
2
3
4
5
6
B = Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs)
9
8
7
C = Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
12
13
10
11
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
D = Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
XXXX
X
14
X
X
X
X
X
E = Oxygenated compounds
16
15
O
O
17
18
H
R
C
OH
R
C
O
R
C
R'
R
C
OH
O
20
19
HO
21
R
O
R'
R
C
O
R'
F = Nitrogen compounds
24
2 2
R
R'
23
R
R'
R
NH 2
N
N
H
R''
O
26
27
25
R
CN
R
N
N
O
R
C
NH 2
Figure 2.1 Structure of several important organic compounds by their functional groups (where R,
R 0 ,R 00 are alkyl groups and X can be either a chlorine or a hydrogen). (1) benzene, (2) toluene,
(3) ethylbenzene, (4) o-xylene, (5) m-xylene, (6) p-xylene, (7) naphthalene, (8) phenanthrene, (9) pyrene,
(10) tetrachloroethylene, (11) trichloroethylene, (12) dichloroethylene, (13) vinyl chloride,
(14) polychlorinated biphenyl, (15) alcohol, (16) aldehyde, (17) ketone, (18) acid, (19) ester,
(20) ether, (21) phenol, (22) primary amine, (23) secondary amine, (24) tertiary amine, (25) amide,
(26) nitrile, (27) nitrosamine
7. Halogenated hydrocarbons: Aliphatic and aromatic halogenated hydrocar-
bon, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and dioxins
8. Organosulfur compounds: Thiols, thiophenes, mercaptans, and many pesticides
9. Phosphorus compounds: Many pesticides to replace organo-chlorine pesticides
 
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