Other Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis - Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis - page 335

antibodies specific to a hapten, haptens must be covalently bonded to a protein (e.g.,
bovine serum albumin, keyhole limpet hemocyanin) for the purpose of stimulating
an immune response. This is called hapten-carrier conjugate. A common form of
immunoassay is the enzyme immunoassay (EIA), in which an enzyme conjugate
reagent is used to generate the signal used for interpretation of results. The enzyme
mediated response may take the form of a chromogenic, fluorogenic, chemilumi-
nescent, or potentiometric reaction.
The U.S. EPA has adopted several immunoassay methods that use commercially
available testing kits for a rapid, simple, and portable test. These products can be
used effectively in both laboratory and field settings and require limited training.
These test products substantially increase the number of data points that can be
generated within a given time period and permit an operator to analyze a number of
samples simultaneously within a relatively short period of time and a small budget.
The protocols recommended by the U.S. EPA include several specific contaminants,
which have been demonstrated to be effective, including pentachlorophenol,
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), petroleum
hydrocarbons, PAHs, toxaphene, chlordane, DDT, TNT, and RDX. Interested
readers can find more details in the 4000 method series of the SW-846 methods.
REFERENCES
*Agilent Technologies (2001), Basics of LC/MS: Primer Santa Clara, CA, pp. 1-34.
*Agilent Technology (2005), ICP-MS Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, A Primer Santa
Clara, CA, pp. 1-80.
A RDREY RE (2003), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons
Ltd., West Sussex, England.
B AKHMUTOV VI (2004), Practical NMR Relaxation for Chemists, John Wiley & Sons, West Sussex,
England.
B ORMAN S (2004), Analyzing drugs and the environment, C&EN, 80(14):34-35.
*B RUICE PY (2004), Organic Chemistry, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, pp. 480-600.
C AREY FA (2006), Spectroscopy, Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, McGraw Hill, NY, Chapter 13, pp. 519-
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F IELD LD, S TERNHELL S, K ALMAN JR (2003), Organic Structures From Spectra, John Wiley & Sons, West
Sussex, England.
F IFIELD FW, H AINES PJ (2000), Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Blackwell Science,
Malden, MA.
F RIEBOLIN H (2005), Basic One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy, 4th Edition, Wiley-VCH,
Weinheim.
H ORNAK JP (1997-1999), The Basics of NMR (http://www.cis.rit.edu/htbooks/nmr/bnmr.htm).
H ¨ BSCHMANN H-J (2001), Handbook of GC/MS: Fundamentals and Applications, Wiley-VCH, New York,
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DE H OFFMANN E, S TROOBANT V (2002), Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications, 2nd Edition, John
Wiley & Sons, West Sussex, England.
K ELLNER R, M ERMET J-M, O TTO M, V ALCARCEL M, W IDMER HM (2004), Organic Mass Spectrometry. I:
Analytical Chemistry: A Modern Approach to Analytical Science, 2nd Edition, Wiley-VCH, Chapter 25
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* Suggested readings.