Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter
10
Chromatographic Methods
for Environmental Analysis
10.1 INTRODUCTION TO CHROMATOGRAPHY
10.2 INSTRUMENTS OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
10.3 COMMON DETECTORS FOR CHROMATOGRAPHY
10.4 APPLICATIONS OF CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS IN
ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
10.5 PRACTICAL TIPS TO CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS
REFERENCES
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the fundamentals of chromatography used
primarily for the analysis of environmental organic compounds. We will first
introduce the principles of separation employed in gas chromatography (GC) and
high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Separation is the heart for
all chromatography, and the selection of a separation column from various
commercially available sources is always the key to developing a successful
chromatographic method. Further details are provided on the nomenclature of
chromatograms and the qualitative/quantitative basis common to all chromato-
graphic analyses. Instrumental components are then described for common
chromatographic techniques, including GC, HPLC, and ion chromatography (IC),
as well as less common, supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). This is followed
by the discussion of common detectors used in GC, HPLC, and IC.
The readers are further introduced to the environmental applications of
chromatographic methods for the analysis of pollutants in air, water, and wastes.
These pollutants are organized into three categories, related to each of the three major
chromatographic methods: gas, volatile, and semivolatile by GC; semivolatile and
nonvolatile byHPLC; and ionic species by IC.At the endof this chapter, some practical
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