Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis - Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis - page 243

Since the moisture content in this sludge sample is quite high, the concentration on a dry basis
is considerably higher than the concentration reported on a wet basis.

REFERENCES

B EATY R.D., K ERBER J.D. 1993. Concepts, Instrumentation and Techniques in Atomic Absorption Spectro-
metry, 2nd edition. The Perkin-Elmer Corporation. Norwalk, CT.
B ROEKAERT J.A.C. 2002. Analytical Atomic Spectrometry with Flames and Plasmas. Wiley-VCHWeinheim.
B OSS C.B., F REDEEN K.J. 1989. Concepts, Instrumentation, and Techniques in Inductively Coupled Plasma
Atomic Emission Spectrometry, Perkin Elmer Shelton, CT.
C HRISTIAN G.D. 2004. Analytical Chemistry, 6th edition, John Wiley & Sons Hoboken, NJ.
*C SUROS M., C SUROS C. 2002. Environmental Sampling and Analysis for Metals, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
FL.
G IRARD J.E. 2005. Principles of Environmental Chemistry, Jones and Bartlett Publishers Sudbury, MA.
H ARRIS D.C. 2003. Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th edition, W.H. Freenman, New York.
J ENKINS R. 1988. X-Ray Fluorescence, Wiley, New York, NY.
N¨ LTE J. 2003. ICP Emission Spectrometry: A Practical Guide, Wiley-VCH Weinheion.
Perkin Elmer Instruments (2000), An Overview of Atomic Spectroscopy. PerkinElmer Instruments,
Shelton, CT.
*Perkin Elmer Instruments (2004), Guide to Inorganic Analysis, PerkinElmer Instruments, Shelton, CT
(http://labs.perkinelmer.com/Content/RelatedMaterials/005139C_01_Inorganic_Guide_web.pdf)
*R OBISON K.A., and R OBISON J.F. 2000. Contemporary Instrumental Analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle
River, NJ.
S CHWEDT G. 1999. The Essential Guide to Analytical Chemistry, John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY.
S KOOG D.A., H OLLER F.J., N IEMAN T.A. 1997. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, 5th edition, Saunders
College Publishing, New York.
T ATRO M.E. 2000. Optical Emission Inductively Coupled Plasma in Environmental Analysis, Encyclopedia
of Analytical Chemistry, Edited by Meyers RA. John Wiley & Sons West Sussex, UK.

QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS

1. Explain: (a) The difference in the electronic configuration among various species of
calcium, that is, Ca in CaCl 2 ,Ca 0 ,Ca 0* ,Ca þ , and Ca þ* ; (b) Of these species, which
one(s) are the desired for AAS measurement of Ca and which one(s) are unwanted
species that may cause interference for AES measurement of Ca?
2. Explain: (a) What fractions of atoms in the flame are typically in the excited states?
(b) Why flame absorption based spectrometers are normally more sensitive than flame
emission spectrometer?
3. Explain the difference in light source used in atomic absorption vs. the light source used
in UV-VIS spectrometer.

4. For the following atomic absorption spectrometers—FAA, GFAA, and CVAA: (a)

Sketch the schematic diagram;

(b) Describe the principles (functions) of major

instrumental components.

5. For the following atomic emission spectrometers—flame atomic emission, ICP-OES,

and XRF: (a) Sketch the schematic diagram; (b) Describe the principles (functions) of
major instrumental components.

*Suggested Readings