Environmental Engineering Reference
In-Depth Information
Chapter
9
Atomic Spectroscopy for
Metal Analysis
9.1
INTRODUCTION TO THE PRINCIPLES OF ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
9.2 INSTRUMENTS FOR ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPY
9.3 SELECTION OF THE PROPER ATOMIC SPECTROSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
9.4 PRACTICAL TIPS TO SAMPLING, SAMPLE PREPARATION, AND METAL
ANALYSIS
REFERENCES
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
Chapter 8 deals with the molecular spectroscopy for the determination of inorganic
or organic molecules in solution (for UV-VIS) or in other forms (solution, gas, or
solid for IR). The spectrum and the amount of energy (UV, visible, or IR radiation)
absorbed are the basis for qualitative and quantitative determination of these
molecules, respectively. In Chapter 9, atomic spectroscopy is used to quantify the
elemental concentration based on the amount of energy absorbed or emitted and
sometimes to qualify (determine) which element is present.
The primary objective of this chapter is to introduce the principles and
environmental applications of four atomic spectroscopic techniques (FAA, GFAA,
ICP-OES, and XRF). One particular aspect is to understand the chemistry of
molecules and atoms under various radiation sources with energy higher than UV-
VIS and IR, including high temperature flame, graphite furnace, plasma, and X ray.
A solid understanding of these fundamental principles will help the analyst to
address interference problems encountered in atomic spectroscopy and help the
analyst to make the appropriate adjustments needed to meet the applicable analytical
needs. We will continue our discussions on instrumental components and the
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