Agriculture Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 8.1
ETL data arranged in ascending order
ETL
4
7
8
9
11
13
15
16
19
22
4
7
8
9
11
13
15
17
19
22
4
7
8
10
11
13
15
17
20
22
4
7
8
10
12
13
16
17
20
23
5
7
8
10
12
14
16
17
20
23
6
7
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
23
6
7
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
6
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
21
26
6
8
9
11
12
14
16
18
21
26
6
8
9
11
12
14
16
18
21
26
Table 8.2
Summary of ETL data arranged in ascending order
From the above array, one can have the following summary:
ETL
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
Frequency
4
1
5
7
9
6
6
5
7
4
6
3
8
4
5
2
5
3
3
3
1
3
Table 8.3
Tally marking and formation of frequency distribution of ETL data
ETL
4
5 6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15 16
17
18
19 20
21 22 23 24 26
Tally marks
////
/
////
//// //
//// ////
//// /
//// /
////
//// //
////
//// /
///
//// ///
////
////
//
////
///
///
///
/
///
Frequency
4
1 5
7
9
6
6
5
7
4
6
3
8
4
5
2
5
3
3
3
1
3
8.1.3 Classification/Grouping
variety is having 5 ETL per hill, five varieties is
having ETL six, and so on. This formation of array
is done with the help of SORT key in Microsoft
Excel computer package as shown above in case of
example with the yield of paddy. Otherwise, con-
ventionally we may take help of the tally marking.
Process for tally marking is presented below
(Table
8.3
).
While dealing with a huge number of
observations, it is sometimes very difficult to
have a concise idea about the information col-
lected. So the first idea comes to mind, that is, to
have a logical classification (formation of
groups) in accordance with some common char-
acteristic(s)/classification or grouping, may be
one of the solutions.
The first question in classification comes
to mind is,
8.1.2 Coding of Data
?
There is no hard-and-first rule as to fix the num-
ber of classes. However, a general guideline as
given below is followed while making the
classes:
(a) Classes should be well defined and exhaustive.
(b) Classes should not be overlapping.
(c) Classes should be of equal width as far as
possible.
(d) The number of classes should not be too few
or too many.
(e) Classes should be devoid of an open-ended
limit.
(f) Classes should be framed in such a way that
each and every class should have some
observation.
how many classes one should make
Sometimes the information collected may be
qualitative in nature like male/female, black/yel-
low/white/green, determinate/indeterminate, and
educated/illiterate. Coding refers to the process
of assigning numerals or other symbols to the
responses so that these could be categorized.
Coding should be made in such a way that these
are nonoverlapping and all the observations are
categorized in one of the categories framed for
the purpose. That means the coding should
be made in such a way that categories are exclu-
sive and exhaustive in nature. Generally, the
numerical information does not require coding.
Coding helps researchers in understanding the
data in a more meaningful way.
