Energy and Electricity - Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration - page 29

Table 1.5.1 Kyoto Protocol emissions targets for selected countries (data from
UNFCCC [1.14])

Country/Region Kyoto Target until 2012

EU-15*, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Latvia,
Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Monaco, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Switzerland

− 8%

USA** − 7%

Canada, Hungary, Japan, Poland − 6%

Croatia − 5%

New Zealand, Russian Federation, Ukraine 0

Norway + 1%

Australia + 8%

Iceland + 10%

* The 15 States that were EU members in 1997 when the Kyoto Protocol was adopted
took on the 8% target that will be distributed among themselves, taking advantage of a
scheme under the Protocol known as a “bubble,” whereby countries have different
individual targets that when combined achieve an overall target for that group of coun-
tries. The EU has already reached agreement on how its targets will be distributed.
** The USA has indicated its intention not to ratify the Kyoto Protocol.

operation is carbon neutral; (2) that the Kyoto Protocol will be fully imple-
mented at the end of 2012; and (3) that we must first consider the pro-
gress that Annex I states have made toward their Kyoto Protocol goals
(using the most recent data at the time of this publication).
Out of the 36 ratifying countries, only seven have not been able to
satisfy their country-specific requirement in the stationary source sub-
section by 2009 (the last year with available data reports to the IPCC).
This takes into account the varying targets for each country, ranging from
-8% (all of the EU) to

10% in Iceland. These seven countries include
Australia (failure by 44%), Canada (19%), Japan (7%), Liechtenstein
(10%), New Zealand (14%), Norway (40%) and Switzerland (2%). In order
to fulfill their Kyoto Protocol goals, Annex I states would have to reduce
an additional 205 Tg CO 2 between 2009 and the end of 2012.
The carbon savings achieved by building nuclear power plants
depend on the power plants which they will replace. When we consider

+