Adsorption - Introduction to Carbon Capture and Sequestration - page 269

data are available. The Sathre and Masanet baseline uses the assump-
tion that all new USA coal-fi red power plants will be more effi cient and
equipped with CCS. The older coal-fi red power plants will either be
replaced by new ones or gradually retrofi tted to allow for CCS such that
by 2050 the full fl eet will be fully equipped with CCS (see Figure 6.6.1 ).

(a) Ultra-super-critical

Super-critical
Sub-critical

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Ye a r

(b)

Ultra-super-critical with CCS
Super-critical CCS
Super-critical
Sub-critical CCS
Sub-critical

2500

2000

1500

1000

500

0

2010 2020 2030 2040 2050

Ye a r

Figure 6.6.1 Scenarios for USA coal-fi red power plants
(a) Scenario without CCS ; (b) Scenario with CCS : Most current power plants are sub-
critical, with steam pressure of around 170 bars. The current state-of-the-art is
supercritical plants with steam pressure of around 250 bars. The next generation is
expected to be ultra-supercritical with even higher steam pressure.
Figures adapted from Sathre and Masanet [6.39].